Palavras em English para 'To defy again.'
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verb
noun
verb
- (transitive) To have enough courage to meet or do something, go somewhere, etc.; to face up to.
- (intransitive) To have enough courage (to do something).
- (transitive) To defy or challenge (someone to do something).
- (transitive) To terrify; to daunt.
- challenge
- take upon oneself; act presumptuously, without permission
- to be courageous enough to try or do something
verb
- To challenge again.
- To challenge in return.
- (medicine, pharmacology) To try a therapeutic pharmaceutical drug, suspected allergen, or medical treatment on a patient a second or subsequent time, to see if the suspected effects of the treatment occur again. This is typically performed to confirm allergic or adverse reactions to allergens or medications, but may also be used to confirm beneficial treatments or to retry a probable beneficial treatment which did not appear to be effective previously.
noun
verb
verb
verb
- (intransitive, with to) To defy, to confront, to stand up to.
- (intransitive, idiomatic) To be prominent; to point upwards.
- (transitive, idiomatic) To rob at gunpoint.
- (intransitive, with to) To maintain a commitment (as, to a proposition or role)
- (intransitive, with for) To speak or act in defence (of).
- (transitive) Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see stick, up. To put or post up by sticking.
- rob at gunpoint or by means of some other threat
- defend against attack or criticism
verb
- To overthrow; to subvert.
- (chemistry) To change the direction of a reaction such that the products become the reactants and vice-versa.
- (transitive) To turn something around so that it faces the opposite direction or runs in the opposite sequence.
- (transitive) To change totally; to alter to the opposite.
- (rail transport, intransitive, of points) To move from the normal position to the reverse position.
- (law) To revoke a law, or to change a decision into its opposite.
- (computing) Ellipsis of reverse-engineer.
- (transitive) To transpose the positions of two things.
- (aviation, transitive) To engage reverse thrust on (an engine).
- (rail transport, transitive) To place (a set of points) in the reverse position.
- (ergative, transport) To cause a mechanism to operate or move in the opposite direction to normal; to drive a vehicle in the direction the driver has the back.
- (transitive) To turn something inside out or upside down.
- turn inside out or upside down
- cancel officially
- change to the contrary
- rule against
- reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of
adj
- (rail transport, of points) To be in the non-default position; to be set for the lesser-used route.
- (botany) Reversed.
- Pertaining to engines, vehicle movement etc. moving in a direction opposite to the usual direction.
- Opposite, contrary; going in the opposite direction.
- Turned upside down; greatly disturbed.
- (genetics) In which cDNA synthetization is obtained from an RNA template.
- reversed (turned backward) in order or nature or effect
- directed or moving toward the rear
- of the transmission gear causing backward movement in a motor vehicle
noun
- (surgery) A turn or fold made in bandaging, by which the direction of the bandage is changed.
- The act of going backwards; a reversal.
- A piece of misfortune; a setback.
- (graph theory) Synonym of transpose.
- (numismatics) The tails side of a coin, or the side of a medal or badge that is opposite the obverse.
- The opposite of something.
- A thrust in fencing made with a backward turn of the hand; a backhanded stroke.
- The side of something facing away from a viewer, or from what is considered the front; the other side.
- The gear setting of an automobile that makes it travel backwards. (Denoted with symbol R on a shifter's labeling.)
- a relation of direct opposition
- the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed
- turning in the opposite direction
- (American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction
- an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating
- the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design
verb
- To rebel; to go against something formerly tolerated.
- (transitive, roleplaying games) To magically or divinely repel undead.
- (intransitive) To change the color of the leaves in the autumn.
- To change fundamentally; to metamorphose.
- (transitive, fantasy) To change (a person) into a vampire, werewolf, zombie, etc.
- (by extension) To give form to; to shape or mould; to adapt.
- (intransitive, fantasy) To transform into a vampire, werewolf, zombie, etc.
- (professional wrestling) To change personalities, such as from being a face (good guy) to heel (bad guy) or vice versa.
- To undergo the process of turning on a lathe.
- To be nauseated; said of the stomach.
- (transitive) To shape (something) symmetrically by rotating it against a stationary cutting tool, as on a lathe.
- (ambitransitive) To make or become giddy; said of the head or brain.
- (transitive, usually with over) To complete.
- (transitive, soccer) Of a player, to go past an opposition player with the ball in one's control.
- (intransitive) To change one's direction of travel.
- To sicken; to nauseate.
- (transitive) To direct or impel (something) into a place.
- (transitive) To twist or sprain.
- (obstetrics) To bring down the feet of a child in the womb, in order to facilitate delivery.
- (transitive, cricket) Of a bowler, to make (the ball) move sideways off the pitch when it bounces.
- (intransitive) To sour or spoil; to go bad.
- (intransitive, of a body, person, etc) To move about an axis through itself.
- (transitive, figuratively) To navigate through a book or other printed material.
- (transitive) To position (something) by folding it, or using its folds.
- To hinge; to depend.
- (transitive) To make acid or sour; to ferment; to curdle.
- (reflexive) To change one's course of action; to take a new approach.
- (intransitive, cricket) Of a ball, to move sideways off the pitch when it bounces.
- (copulative) To become (often used with colors, clear sudden changes, weather and ages).
- (transitive, slang, sometimes offensive) To change the sexual orientation or gender of another person, or otherwise awaken a sexual preference.
- (transitive) To make (money); turn a profit.
- (transitive) To change the direction or orientation of, especially by rotation.
- accomplish by rotating
- to break and turn over earth especially with a plow
- to send or let go
- pass to the other side of
- twist suddenly so as to sprain
- to change orientation or direction
- move around an axis or a center
- get by buying and selling
- channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something
- let (something) fall or spill from a container
- alter the functioning or setting of
- undergo a transformation or a change of position or action
- cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics
- shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel
- cause to move around or rotate
- pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become
- become officially one year older
- go sour or spoil
- change to the contrary
- cause to move around a center so as to show another side of
- have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to
- change color
- undergo a change or development
- cause (an object) to assume a crooked or angular form
- cause to move along an axis or into a new direction
- direct at someone
noun
- A fit or a period of giddiness.
- A movement of an object about its own axis in one direction that continues until the object returns to its initial orientation.
- (geometry) A unit of plane angle measurement based on this movement.
- A change in temperament or circumstance.
- A change of direction or orientation.
- A deed done to another; an act of kindness or malice.
- The transition from one period or era to another.
- One's chance to make a move in a game having two or more players.
- A walk to and fro.
- (soccer) An instance of going past an opposition player with the ball in one's control.
- (UK, finance, historical) The profit made by a stockjobber, being the difference between the buying and selling prices.
- A chance to use (something) shared in sequence with others.
- A figure in music, often denoted ~, consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again.
- (rope) A pass behind or through an object.
- A single loop of a coil.
- (poker) The fourth communal card in Texas hold 'em.
- Character; personality; nature.
- A spell of work, especially the time allotted to a person in a rota or schedule.
- (cricket) A sideways movement of the ball when it bounces (caused by rotation in flight).
- The time required to complete a project.
- (circus, theater, especially physical comedy) A short skit, act, or routine.
- a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)
- (sports) a division of a game during which one team is on the offensive
- a movement in a new direction
- a short performance that is part of a longer program
- (game) the activity of doing something in an agreed succession
- a circular segment of a curve
- the act of turning away or in the opposite direction
- the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course
- a favor for someone
- taking a short walk out and back
- an unforeseen development
- turning or twisting around (in place)
verb
adj
adv
noun
- The breast of a horse; that part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck.
- A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations.
- Something opposite or contrary to something else.
- A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted.
- A shop tabletop on which goods are examined, weighed or measured.
- An object (now especially a small disc) used in counting or keeping count, or as a marker in games, etc.
- (typography) The enclosed or partly closed negative space of a glyph.
- The piece of a shoe or a boot around the heel of the foot (above the heel of the shoe/boot).
- (nautical) The overhanging stern of a vessel above the waterline, below and somewhat forward of the stern proper.
- (grammar) A class of word used along with numbers to count objects and events, typically mass nouns. Although rare and optional in English (e.g. "20 head of cattle"), they are numerous and required in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
- counterattack
- In a bathroom, a surface, often built into the wall and above a cabinet, which holds the washbasin.
- A reckoner; someone who collects data by counting; an enumerator.
- (programming) A variable, memory location, etc. whose contents are incremented to keep a count.
- In a kitchen, a surface, often built into the wall and above a cabinet, designed to be used for food preparation.
- (historical) The prison attached to a city court; a compter.
- (martial arts) A proactive defensive hold or move in reaction to a hold or move by one's opponent.
- (music) Alternative form of contra Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to countertenor.
- (Internet) A hit counter.
- One who counts.
- (curling) Any stone lying closer to the center than any of the opponent's stones.
- game equipment (as a piece of wood, plastic, or ivory) used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games
- (computer science) a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers)
- a piece of leather forming the back of a shoe or boot
- table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted
- a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens
- a person who counts things
- a piece of furniture that stands at the side of a dining room; has shelves and drawers
- a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one)
- a return punch (especially by a boxer)
verb
- disappoint, prove undependable to; abandon, forsake
- give away information about somebody
- cause someone to believe an untruth
- deliver to an enemy by treachery
- be sexually unfaithful to one's partner in marriage
- reveal unintentionally
- (transitive) To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen; to lead into error or sin.
- (transitive) To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly.
- (transitive) To disclose (a secret, etc.) in deliberate violation of someone’s confidence.
- (transitive) To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive.
- (transitive) To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known.
- (transitive) To disclose or indicate, for example something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally.
- (transitive) To lead astray; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon.
verb
- disappoint, prove undependable to; abandon, forsake
- fail to get a passing grade
- judge unacceptable
- be unsuccessful
- prove insufficient
- fail to do something; leave something undone
- become bankrupt or insolvent; fail financially and close
- deteriorate
- stop operating or functioning
- fall short in what is expected
- be unable
- (transitive) To be wanting to, to be insufficient for, to disappoint, to desert; to disappoint one's expectations.
- (transitive) Not to achieve a particular stated goal. (Usage note: The direct object of this word is usually an infinitive.)
- To be wanting; to fall short; to be or become deficient in any measure or degree up to total absence.
- (intransitive) Of a machine, etc.: to cease to operate correctly.
- To become unable to meet one's engagements; especially, to be unable to pay one's debts or discharge one's business obligation; to become bankrupt or insolvent.
- (ambitransitive) To receive one or more non-passing grades in academic pursuits.
- (intransitive) To be unsuccessful.
- (transitive) To give a student a non-passing grade in an academic endeavour.
- (transitive) To neglect.
adj
noun
verb
- To defeat, to frustrate, to thwart.
- To perplex or puzzle.
- To stun or amaze.
- To combine in a confused fashion; to mingle so as to make the parts indistinguishable.
- (sometimes proscribed) To make something worse.
- To cause to be ashamed; to abash.
- To fail to see the difference; to mix up; to confuse right and wrong.
- mistake one thing for another
- be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly
noun
intj
adv
- At no time; on no occasion; in no circumstance.
- (colloquial) Negative particle (used to negate verbs in the simple past tense; also used absolutely).
- Not at any other time; not on any other occasion; not previously.
- not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances; not ever; at no time in the past or future
verb
verb
verb
- To refuse suddenly.
- To stop short and refuse to go on.
- To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition.
- To stop, check, block; to hinder, impede.
- To leave or make balks in.
- (intransitive, sports) To make a deceptive motion to deceive another player.
- To disappoint; to frustrate.
- To omit, miss, or overlook by chance.
- To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles.
- refuse to comply
noun
- A hindrance or disappointment; a check.
- A sudden and obstinate stop.
- (fishing) The rope by which fishing nets are fastened together.
- (archaeology) The wall of earth at the edge of an excavation.
- (baseball) An illegal motion by the pitcher, intended to deceive a runner.
- Beam, crossbeam; squared timber; a tie beam of a house, stretching from wall to wall, especially when laid so as to form a loft, "the balks".
- (billiards) The area of the table lying behind the line from which the cue ball is initially shot, and from which a ball in hand must be played.
- (UK dialectal) A small brass ornament fixed at the top of a wand.
- (agriculture) An uncultivated ridge formed in the open field system, caused by the action of ploughing.
- (snooker) The area of the table lying behind the baulk line.
- (badminton) A motion used to deceive the opponent during a serve.
- an illegal pitching motion while runners are on base
- one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof
- the area on a billiard table behind the balkline
- something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress
verb
verb
- To be contrary to (something).
- be resistant to
- To deny the truth or validity of (a statement or statements).
- (reflexive) To say things that conflict with each other.
- To oppose (a person) by denying the truth or pertinence of a given statement.
- deny the truth of
- prove negative; show to be false
- be in contradiction with
verb
- To go against, resist; oppose.
- (transitive) To make helpless due to emotion.
- (intransitive, figurative) To lose vigour or power; to languish; to waste away; to pass away.
- (intransitive) To shrivel, droop or dry up, especially from lack of water.
- (intransitive) To become helpless due to emotion.
- (transitive) To cause to shrivel or dry up.
- wither, as with a loss of moisture
- lose freshness, vigor, or vitality
noun
verb
- To press against.
- (copulative) To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; often with to, toward, etc.
- To hang outwards.
- To thin out (a fuel-air mixture): to reduce the fuel flow into the mixture so that there is more air or oxygen.
- (Followed by against, on, or upon) To rest or rely, for support, comfort, to use as a hard surface for writing, etc.
- (intransitive) To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating.
- cause to lean to the side
- have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined
- rely on for support
- cause to lean or incline
- to incline or bend from a vertical position
adj
- (business) Efficient, economic, frugal, agile, slimmed-down; pertaining to the modern industrial principles of "lean manufacturing".
- Having little extra or little to spare; scanty; meagre.
- (of meat) Having little fat.
- Having a low proportion or concentration of a desired substance or ingredient.
- (of a person or animal) Slim; not fleshy.
- containing little excess
- not profitable or prosperous
- lacking in mineral content or combustible material
- lacking excess flesh
noun
- (uncountable) Meat with no fat on it.
- (US slang) A recreational drug composed of codeine-promethazine cough syrup mixed with usually soda and associated with the hip-hop culture of the Southern United States.
- (countable, biology) An organism that is lean in stature.
- (of an object taller than its width and depth) An inclination away from the vertical.
- the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the vertical
verb
adj
- (New Age jargon, derogatory) Often preceded by emotion, energy, feeling, or thought: to be avoided, bad, difficult, disagreeable, painful, potentially damaging, unpleasant, unwanted.
- Of or relating to a photographic image in which the colours of the original, and the relations of left and right, are reversed.
- Characterized by the presence of features which do not support a hypothesis.
- (often used pejoratively) Pessimistic; not tending to see the bright side of things.
- Not positive or neutral; bad; undesirable; unfavourable.
- (slang) COVID-19 negative.
- (medicine) Of a test result: not positive, not detected.
- (chemistry) Metalloidal, nonmetallic; contrasted with positive or basic.
- (linguistics, logic) Denying a proposition; negating a concept.
- (hyperbolic) No, not any, zero.
- (mathematics) Of a number: less than zero.
- (slang) HIV negative.
- (physics) Of electrical charge of an electron and related particles
- (weather) Less than zero degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
- having a negative charge
- not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition
- expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial
- having the quality of something harmful or unpleasant
- designed or tending to discredit, especially without positive or helpful suggestions
- reckoned in a direction opposite to that regarded as positive
- involving disadvantage or harm
- characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features
- less than zero
intj
noun
- (mathematics) A negative quantity.
- (logic) A statement that something didn’t happen or doesn’t exist.
- (law) A right of veto.
- Refusal or withholding of assents; prohibition, veto
- An unfavorable point or characteristic.
- (photography) An image in which dark areas represent light ones, and the converse.
- (weightlifting) A repetition performed with a weight in which the muscle begins at maximum contraction and is slowly extended; a movement performed using only the eccentric phase of muscle movement.
- (grammar) A word that indicates negation.
- The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.
- a reply of denial
- a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed
verb
noun
adj
- marked by stubborn resistance to authority
- stubbornly resistant to authority or control
- Marked by a stubborn unwillingness to obey authority.
- Unwilling to cooperate socially.
- Difficult to deal with or to operate.
- (botany, of seed, pollen, spores) Not viable for an extended period; damaged by drying or freezing.
noun
verb
- be stubborn in resolution or resistance
- distinguish oneself
- steer away from shore, of ships
- be highly noticeable
- (intransitive) To be extraordinary and different or to have features and qualities which make someone or something special.
- (intransitive) To persist in opposition or resistance (against something); to refuse to comply (with someone).
- (intransitive) To be obvious or conspicuous, in contrast to the surroundings.
- (intransitive, nautical) To sail in a direction away from shore.
verb
- be resistant to
- act against or in opposition to
- contrast with equal weight or force
- set into opposition or rivalry
- be against; express opposition to
- fight against or resist strongly
- To place in front of, or over against; to set opposite; to exhibit.
- To object to.
- To present or set up in opposition; to pose.
- To attempt to stop the progression of; to resist or antagonize by physical means, or by arguments, etc.; to contend against.
adj
noun
- (dialectal) Firefly or miller (moth).
- A serving of this beer.
- A large clothing size.
- Gadfly.
- Gnat.
- (beer) A dark and strong malt brew made with toasted grain.
- An obese person.
- a strong very dark heavy-bodied ale made from pale malt and roasted unmalted barley and (often) caramel malt with hops
- a garment size for a large or heavy person
verb
verb
- resist
- jump vertically, with legs stiff and back arched
- move quickly and violently
- to strive with determination
- (chiefly Ireland, humorous or euphemistic) To fuck.
- (MLE) To meet, to encounter, to come across.
- (intransitive, by extension) To resist obstinately; oppose or object strongly.
- (transitive, military) To subject to a mode of punishment which consists of tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees.
- (transitive, by extension) To overcome or shed (e.g., an impediment or expectation), in pursuit of a goal; to force a way through despite (an obstacle); to resist or proceed against.
- (metalworking, construction) To press a heavy, shaped bucking bar against the bucktail of a rivet, while the opposite end (the rivet factory head) is hammered by a rivet gun, to upset the bucktail into an appropriate shape, most commonly a pancake-shape.
- (intransitive) To bend; buckle.
- (US, military slang) To strive or aspire e.g. to a promotion.
- (forestry) To saw a felled tree into shorter lengths, as for firewood.
- (transitive, of a horse or similar saddle or pack animal) To throw (a rider or pack) by bucking.
- (intransitive, by extension) To move or operate in a sharp, jerking, or uneven manner.
- (intransitive) To copulate, as bucks and does.
- (intransitive, of a horse or similar saddle or pack animal) To leap upward arching its back, coming down with head low and forelegs stiff, forcefully kicking its hind legs upward, often in an attempt to dislodge or throw a rider or pack.
- (electronics) To output a voltage that is lower than the input voltage.
noun
- a piece of paper money worth one dollar
- mature male of various mammals (especially deer or antelope)
- a gymnastic horse without pommels and with one end elongated; used lengthwise for vaulting
- a framework for holding wood that is being sawed
- (US, slang) One hundred.
- (US, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, informal) A dollar (one hundred cents).
- (finance) One million dollars.
- (US, military slang, WWI–WWII) Lowest rank; a private.
- A young buck; an adventurous, impetuous, dashing, or high-spirited young man.
- Clipping of buckshot.
- Synonym of mule (“type of cocktail with ginger ale etc.”).
- The sound made by a chicken.
- A wood or metal frame used by automotive customizers and restorers to assist in the shaping of sheet metal bodywork.
- (UK, dialect) The body of a post mill, particularly in East Anglia. See Wikipedia:Windmill machinery.
- (Africa) An antelope of either sex; compare with Afrikaans bok.
- A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck.
- (by extension, Australia, South Africa, US, informal) Money.
- (Scotland) The beech tree.
- (US) An uncastrated sheep, a ram.
- A male deer, antelope, sheep, goat, rabbit, hare, and sometimes the male of other animals such as the hamster, ferret, salmonid, shad and kangaroo.
- A leather-covered frame used for gymnastic vaulting.
- (South Africa, informal) A rand (currency unit).
- (informal, rare) A euro.
adj
- Tending to contradict or oppose, contrarious.
- That is diametrically opposed to something.
- Mutually exclusive.
- That contradicts something, such as an argument.
- That is itself a contradiction.
- of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false
- unable for both to exist or be true at the same time
- in disagreement
- that confounds or contradicts or confuses
noun
verb
noun
verb
adj
noun
- (countable) An effort, process, or operation designed to establish or discover a fact or truth; an act of testing; a test; a trial.
- (uncountable) The degree of evidence which convinces the mind of any truth or fact, and produces belief; a test by facts or arguments which induce, or tend to induce, certainty of the judgment; conclusive evidence; demonstration.
- The quality or state of having been proved or tried; firmness or hardness which resists impression, or does not yield to force; impenetrability of physical bodies.
- (countable, mathematics) A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Compare prove, transitive verb, 5.
- (countable, printing) A proof sheet; a trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination.
- (numismatics) A limited-run high-quality strike of a particular coin, originally as a test run, although nowadays mostly for collectors' sets.
- (countable, logic, mathematics) A sequence of statements consisting of axioms, assumptions, statements already demonstrated in another proof, and statements that logically follow from previous statements in the sequence, and which concludes with a statement that is the object of the proof.
- (US) A measure of the alcohol content of liquor. Originally, in Britain, 100 proof was defined as 57.1% by volume (no longer used). In the US, 100 proof means that the alcohol content is 50% of the total volume of the liquid; thus, perfectly pure absolute alcohol would be 200 proof.
- a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume)
- a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it
- (printing) an impression made to check for errors
- the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something
- a trial photographic print from a negative
- any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something
verb
- (transitive, firearms) To test-fire with a load considerably more powerful than the firearm in question's rated maximum chamber pressure, in order to establish the firearm's ability to withstand pressures well in excess of those expected in service without bursting.
- (transitive, intransitive, colloquial) To proofread.
- (transitive, baking) To allow (yeast-containing dough) to rise, especially after it has been shaped
- (transitive) To make resistant, especially to water.
- (transitive, baking) To test the activeness of (yeast).
- knead to reach proper lightness
- make or take a proof of, such as a photographic negative, an etching, or typeset
- make resistant (to harm)
- activate by mixing with water and sometimes sugar or milk
- read for errors
prep
- In opposition to.
- In front of; before (a background).
- In physical opposition to; in collision with.
- As protection from.
- (Hollywood) To be paid now in contrast to the following amount to be paid later under specified circumstances, usually that a movie is made or has started filming.
- In contrast or comparison with.
- As a charge on.
- In physical contact with, so as to abut or be supported by.
- In competition with, versus.
- Contrary to; in conflict with.
- In anticipation of; in preparation for (a particular time, event etc.).
- As counterbalance to.
- Of betting odds, denoting a worse-than-even chance.
- In exchange for.
- Close to, alongside.
- In a contrary direction to.
prefix
noun
verb
- (transitive) To have enough courage to meet or do something, go somewhere, etc.; to face up to.
- (intransitive) To have enough courage (to do something).
- (transitive) To defy or challenge (someone to do something).
- (transitive) To terrify; to daunt.
- challenge
- take upon oneself; act presumptuously, without permission
- to be courageous enough to try or do something
verb
verb
- To challenge again.
- To challenge in return.
- (medicine, pharmacology) To try a therapeutic pharmaceutical drug, suspected allergen, or medical treatment on a patient a second or subsequent time, to see if the suspected effects of the treatment occur again. This is typically performed to confirm allergic or adverse reactions to allergens or medications, but may also be used to confirm beneficial treatments or to retry a probable beneficial treatment which did not appear to be effective previously.
noun
verb
verb
verb
- (intransitive, with to) To defy, to confront, to stand up to.
- (intransitive, idiomatic) To be prominent; to point upwards.
- (transitive, idiomatic) To rob at gunpoint.
- (intransitive, with to) To maintain a commitment (as, to a proposition or role)
- (intransitive, with for) To speak or act in defence (of).
- (transitive) Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see stick, up. To put or post up by sticking.
- rob at gunpoint or by means of some other threat
- defend against attack or criticism
verb
- To overthrow; to subvert.
- (chemistry) To change the direction of a reaction such that the products become the reactants and vice-versa.
- (transitive) To turn something around so that it faces the opposite direction or runs in the opposite sequence.
- (transitive) To change totally; to alter to the opposite.
- (rail transport, intransitive, of points) To move from the normal position to the reverse position.
- (law) To revoke a law, or to change a decision into its opposite.
- (computing) Ellipsis of reverse-engineer.
- (transitive) To transpose the positions of two things.
- (aviation, transitive) To engage reverse thrust on (an engine).
- (rail transport, transitive) To place (a set of points) in the reverse position.
- (ergative, transport) To cause a mechanism to operate or move in the opposite direction to normal; to drive a vehicle in the direction the driver has the back.
- (transitive) To turn something inside out or upside down.
- turn inside out or upside down
- cancel officially
- change to the contrary
- rule against
- reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of
adj
- (rail transport, of points) To be in the non-default position; to be set for the lesser-used route.
- (botany) Reversed.
- Pertaining to engines, vehicle movement etc. moving in a direction opposite to the usual direction.
- Opposite, contrary; going in the opposite direction.
- Turned upside down; greatly disturbed.
- (genetics) In which cDNA synthetization is obtained from an RNA template.
- reversed (turned backward) in order or nature or effect
- directed or moving toward the rear
- of the transmission gear causing backward movement in a motor vehicle
noun
- (surgery) A turn or fold made in bandaging, by which the direction of the bandage is changed.
- The act of going backwards; a reversal.
- A piece of misfortune; a setback.
- (graph theory) Synonym of transpose.
- (numismatics) The tails side of a coin, or the side of a medal or badge that is opposite the obverse.
- The opposite of something.
- A thrust in fencing made with a backward turn of the hand; a backhanded stroke.
- The side of something facing away from a viewer, or from what is considered the front; the other side.
- The gear setting of an automobile that makes it travel backwards. (Denoted with symbol R on a shifter's labeling.)
- a relation of direct opposition
- the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed
- turning in the opposite direction
- (American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction
- an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating
- the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design
verb
- To rebel; to go against something formerly tolerated.
- (transitive, roleplaying games) To magically or divinely repel undead.
- (intransitive) To change the color of the leaves in the autumn.
- To change fundamentally; to metamorphose.
- (transitive, fantasy) To change (a person) into a vampire, werewolf, zombie, etc.
- (by extension) To give form to; to shape or mould; to adapt.
- (intransitive, fantasy) To transform into a vampire, werewolf, zombie, etc.
- (professional wrestling) To change personalities, such as from being a face (good guy) to heel (bad guy) or vice versa.
- To undergo the process of turning on a lathe.
- To be nauseated; said of the stomach.
- (transitive) To shape (something) symmetrically by rotating it against a stationary cutting tool, as on a lathe.
- (ambitransitive) To make or become giddy; said of the head or brain.
- (transitive, usually with over) To complete.
- (transitive, soccer) Of a player, to go past an opposition player with the ball in one's control.
- (intransitive) To change one's direction of travel.
- To sicken; to nauseate.
- (transitive) To direct or impel (something) into a place.
- (transitive) To twist or sprain.
- (obstetrics) To bring down the feet of a child in the womb, in order to facilitate delivery.
- (transitive, cricket) Of a bowler, to make (the ball) move sideways off the pitch when it bounces.
- (intransitive) To sour or spoil; to go bad.
- (intransitive, of a body, person, etc) To move about an axis through itself.
- (transitive, figuratively) To navigate through a book or other printed material.
- (transitive) To position (something) by folding it, or using its folds.
- To hinge; to depend.
- (transitive) To make acid or sour; to ferment; to curdle.
- (reflexive) To change one's course of action; to take a new approach.
- (intransitive, cricket) Of a ball, to move sideways off the pitch when it bounces.
- (copulative) To become (often used with colors, clear sudden changes, weather and ages).
- (transitive, slang, sometimes offensive) To change the sexual orientation or gender of another person, or otherwise awaken a sexual preference.
- (transitive) To make (money); turn a profit.
- (transitive) To change the direction or orientation of, especially by rotation.
- accomplish by rotating
- to break and turn over earth especially with a plow
- to send or let go
- pass to the other side of
- twist suddenly so as to sprain
- to change orientation or direction
- move around an axis or a center
- get by buying and selling
- channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something
- let (something) fall or spill from a container
- alter the functioning or setting of
- undergo a transformation or a change of position or action
- cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics
- shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel
- cause to move around or rotate
- pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become
- become officially one year older
- go sour or spoil
- change to the contrary
- cause to move around a center so as to show another side of
- have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to
- change color
- undergo a change or development
- cause (an object) to assume a crooked or angular form
- cause to move along an axis or into a new direction
- direct at someone
noun
- A fit or a period of giddiness.
- A movement of an object about its own axis in one direction that continues until the object returns to its initial orientation.
- (geometry) A unit of plane angle measurement based on this movement.
- A change in temperament or circumstance.
- A change of direction or orientation.
- A deed done to another; an act of kindness or malice.
- The transition from one period or era to another.
- One's chance to make a move in a game having two or more players.
- A walk to and fro.
- (soccer) An instance of going past an opposition player with the ball in one's control.
- (UK, finance, historical) The profit made by a stockjobber, being the difference between the buying and selling prices.
- A chance to use (something) shared in sequence with others.
- A figure in music, often denoted ~, consisting of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again.
- (rope) A pass behind or through an object.
- A single loop of a coil.
- (poker) The fourth communal card in Texas hold 'em.
- Character; personality; nature.
- A spell of work, especially the time allotted to a person in a rota or schedule.
- (cricket) A sideways movement of the ball when it bounces (caused by rotation in flight).
- The time required to complete a project.
- (circus, theater, especially physical comedy) A short skit, act, or routine.
- a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)
- (sports) a division of a game during which one team is on the offensive
- a movement in a new direction
- a short performance that is part of a longer program
- (game) the activity of doing something in an agreed succession
- a circular segment of a curve
- the act of turning away or in the opposite direction
- the act of changing or reversing the direction of the course
- a favor for someone
- taking a short walk out and back
- an unforeseen development
- turning or twisting around (in place)
verb
adj
adv
noun
- The breast of a horse; that part of a horse between the shoulders and under the neck.
- A telltale; a contrivance attached to an engine, printing press, or other machine, for the purpose of counting the revolutions or the pulsations.
- Something opposite or contrary to something else.
- A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted.
- A shop tabletop on which goods are examined, weighed or measured.
- An object (now especially a small disc) used in counting or keeping count, or as a marker in games, etc.
- (typography) The enclosed or partly closed negative space of a glyph.
- The piece of a shoe or a boot around the heel of the foot (above the heel of the shoe/boot).
- (nautical) The overhanging stern of a vessel above the waterline, below and somewhat forward of the stern proper.
- (grammar) A class of word used along with numbers to count objects and events, typically mass nouns. Although rare and optional in English (e.g. "20 head of cattle"), they are numerous and required in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
- counterattack
- In a bathroom, a surface, often built into the wall and above a cabinet, which holds the washbasin.
- A reckoner; someone who collects data by counting; an enumerator.
- (programming) A variable, memory location, etc. whose contents are incremented to keep a count.
- In a kitchen, a surface, often built into the wall and above a cabinet, designed to be used for food preparation.
- (historical) The prison attached to a city court; a compter.
- (martial arts) A proactive defensive hold or move in reaction to a hold or move by one's opponent.
- (music) Alternative form of contra Formerly used to designate any under part which served for contrast to a principal part, but now used as equivalent to countertenor.
- (Internet) A hit counter.
- One who counts.
- (curling) Any stone lying closer to the center than any of the opponent's stones.
- game equipment (as a piece of wood, plastic, or ivory) used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games
- (computer science) a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers)
- a piece of leather forming the back of a shoe or boot
- table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted
- a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens
- a person who counts things
- a piece of furniture that stands at the side of a dining room; has shelves and drawers
- a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one)
- a return punch (especially by a boxer)
verb
- disappoint, prove undependable to; abandon, forsake
- give away information about somebody
- cause someone to believe an untruth
- deliver to an enemy by treachery
- be sexually unfaithful to one's partner in marriage
- reveal unintentionally
- (transitive) To mislead; to expose to inconvenience not foreseen; to lead into error or sin.
- (transitive) To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; to give up treacherously or faithlessly.
- (transitive) To disclose (a secret, etc.) in deliberate violation of someone’s confidence.
- (transitive) To prove faithless or treacherous to, as to a trust or one who trusts; to be false to; to deceive.
- (transitive) To violate the confidence of, by disclosing a secret, or that which one is bound in honor not to make known.
- (transitive) To disclose or indicate, for example something which prudence would conceal; to reveal unintentionally.
- (transitive) To lead astray; to seduce (as under promise of marriage) and then abandon.
verb
- disappoint, prove undependable to; abandon, forsake
- fail to get a passing grade
- judge unacceptable
- be unsuccessful
- prove insufficient
- fail to do something; leave something undone
- become bankrupt or insolvent; fail financially and close
- deteriorate
- stop operating or functioning
- fall short in what is expected
- be unable
- (transitive) To be wanting to, to be insufficient for, to disappoint, to desert; to disappoint one's expectations.
- (transitive) Not to achieve a particular stated goal. (Usage note: The direct object of this word is usually an infinitive.)
- To be wanting; to fall short; to be or become deficient in any measure or degree up to total absence.
- (intransitive) Of a machine, etc.: to cease to operate correctly.
- To become unable to meet one's engagements; especially, to be unable to pay one's debts or discharge one's business obligation; to become bankrupt or insolvent.
- (ambitransitive) To receive one or more non-passing grades in academic pursuits.
- (intransitive) To be unsuccessful.
- (transitive) To give a student a non-passing grade in an academic endeavour.
- (transitive) To neglect.
adj
noun
verb
- To defeat, to frustrate, to thwart.
- To perplex or puzzle.
- To stun or amaze.
- To combine in a confused fashion; to mingle so as to make the parts indistinguishable.
- (sometimes proscribed) To make something worse.
- To cause to be ashamed; to abash.
- To fail to see the difference; to mix up; to confuse right and wrong.
- mistake one thing for another
- be confusing or perplexing to; cause to be unable to think clearly
noun
verb
verb
- To refuse suddenly.
- To stop short and refuse to go on.
- To engage in contradiction; to be in opposition.
- To stop, check, block; to hinder, impede.
- To leave or make balks in.
- (intransitive, sports) To make a deceptive motion to deceive another player.
- To disappoint; to frustrate.
- To omit, miss, or overlook by chance.
- To leave heaped up; to heap up in piles.
- refuse to comply
noun
- A hindrance or disappointment; a check.
- A sudden and obstinate stop.
- (fishing) The rope by which fishing nets are fastened together.
- (archaeology) The wall of earth at the edge of an excavation.
- (baseball) An illegal motion by the pitcher, intended to deceive a runner.
- Beam, crossbeam; squared timber; a tie beam of a house, stretching from wall to wall, especially when laid so as to form a loft, "the balks".
- (billiards) The area of the table lying behind the line from which the cue ball is initially shot, and from which a ball in hand must be played.
- (UK dialectal) A small brass ornament fixed at the top of a wand.
- (agriculture) An uncultivated ridge formed in the open field system, caused by the action of ploughing.
- (snooker) The area of the table lying behind the baulk line.
- (badminton) A motion used to deceive the opponent during a serve.
- an illegal pitching motion while runners are on base
- one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof
- the area on a billiard table behind the balkline
- something immaterial that interferes with or delays action or progress
verb
verb
- To be contrary to (something).
- be resistant to
- To deny the truth or validity of (a statement or statements).
- (reflexive) To say things that conflict with each other.
- To oppose (a person) by denying the truth or pertinence of a given statement.
- deny the truth of
- prove negative; show to be false
- be in contradiction with
verb
- To go against, resist; oppose.
- (transitive) To make helpless due to emotion.
- (intransitive, figurative) To lose vigour or power; to languish; to waste away; to pass away.
- (intransitive) To shrivel, droop or dry up, especially from lack of water.
- (intransitive) To become helpless due to emotion.
- (transitive) To cause to shrivel or dry up.
- wither, as with a loss of moisture
- lose freshness, vigor, or vitality
noun
verb
- To press against.
- (copulative) To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; often with to, toward, etc.
- To hang outwards.
- To thin out (a fuel-air mixture): to reduce the fuel flow into the mixture so that there is more air or oxygen.
- (Followed by against, on, or upon) To rest or rely, for support, comfort, to use as a hard surface for writing, etc.
- (intransitive) To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating.
- cause to lean to the side
- have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined
- rely on for support
- cause to lean or incline
- to incline or bend from a vertical position
adj
- (business) Efficient, economic, frugal, agile, slimmed-down; pertaining to the modern industrial principles of "lean manufacturing".
- Having little extra or little to spare; scanty; meagre.
- (of meat) Having little fat.
- Having a low proportion or concentration of a desired substance or ingredient.
- (of a person or animal) Slim; not fleshy.
- containing little excess
- not profitable or prosperous
- lacking in mineral content or combustible material
- lacking excess flesh
noun
- (uncountable) Meat with no fat on it.
- (US slang) A recreational drug composed of codeine-promethazine cough syrup mixed with usually soda and associated with the hip-hop culture of the Southern United States.
- (countable, biology) An organism that is lean in stature.
- (of an object taller than its width and depth) An inclination away from the vertical.
- the property possessed by a line or surface that departs from the vertical
verb
adj
- (New Age jargon, derogatory) Often preceded by emotion, energy, feeling, or thought: to be avoided, bad, difficult, disagreeable, painful, potentially damaging, unpleasant, unwanted.
- Of or relating to a photographic image in which the colours of the original, and the relations of left and right, are reversed.
- Characterized by the presence of features which do not support a hypothesis.
- (often used pejoratively) Pessimistic; not tending to see the bright side of things.
- Not positive or neutral; bad; undesirable; unfavourable.
- (slang) COVID-19 negative.
- (medicine) Of a test result: not positive, not detected.
- (chemistry) Metalloidal, nonmetallic; contrasted with positive or basic.
- (linguistics, logic) Denying a proposition; negating a concept.
- (hyperbolic) No, not any, zero.
- (mathematics) Of a number: less than zero.
- (slang) HIV negative.
- (physics) Of electrical charge of an electron and related particles
- (weather) Less than zero degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
- having a negative charge
- not indicating the presence of microorganisms or disease or a specific condition
- expressing or consisting of a negation or refusal or denial
- having the quality of something harmful or unpleasant
- designed or tending to discredit, especially without positive or helpful suggestions
- reckoned in a direction opposite to that regarded as positive
- involving disadvantage or harm
- characterized by or displaying negation or denial or opposition or resistance; having no positive features
- less than zero
intj
noun
- (mathematics) A negative quantity.
- (logic) A statement that something didn’t happen or doesn’t exist.
- (law) A right of veto.
- Refusal or withholding of assents; prohibition, veto
- An unfavorable point or characteristic.
- (photography) An image in which dark areas represent light ones, and the converse.
- (weightlifting) A repetition performed with a weight in which the muscle begins at maximum contraction and is slowly extended; a movement performed using only the eccentric phase of muscle movement.
- (grammar) A word that indicates negation.
- The negative plate of a voltaic or electrolytic cell.
- a reply of denial
- a piece of photographic film showing an image with light and shade or colors reversed
verb
noun
verb
- be stubborn in resolution or resistance
- distinguish oneself
- steer away from shore, of ships
- be highly noticeable
- (intransitive) To be extraordinary and different or to have features and qualities which make someone or something special.
- (intransitive) To persist in opposition or resistance (against something); to refuse to comply (with someone).
- (intransitive) To be obvious or conspicuous, in contrast to the surroundings.
- (intransitive, nautical) To sail in a direction away from shore.
verb
- be resistant to
- act against or in opposition to
- contrast with equal weight or force
- set into opposition or rivalry
- be against; express opposition to
- fight against or resist strongly
- To place in front of, or over against; to set opposite; to exhibit.
- To object to.
- To present or set up in opposition; to pose.
- To attempt to stop the progression of; to resist or antagonize by physical means, or by arguments, etc.; to contend against.
verb
- resist
- jump vertically, with legs stiff and back arched
- move quickly and violently
- to strive with determination
- (chiefly Ireland, humorous or euphemistic) To fuck.
- (MLE) To meet, to encounter, to come across.
- (intransitive, by extension) To resist obstinately; oppose or object strongly.
- (transitive, military) To subject to a mode of punishment which consists of tying the wrists together, passing the arms over the bent knees, and putting a stick across the arms and in the angle formed by the knees.
- (transitive, by extension) To overcome or shed (e.g., an impediment or expectation), in pursuit of a goal; to force a way through despite (an obstacle); to resist or proceed against.
- (metalworking, construction) To press a heavy, shaped bucking bar against the bucktail of a rivet, while the opposite end (the rivet factory head) is hammered by a rivet gun, to upset the bucktail into an appropriate shape, most commonly a pancake-shape.
- (intransitive) To bend; buckle.
- (US, military slang) To strive or aspire e.g. to a promotion.
- (forestry) To saw a felled tree into shorter lengths, as for firewood.
- (transitive, of a horse or similar saddle or pack animal) To throw (a rider or pack) by bucking.
- (intransitive, by extension) To move or operate in a sharp, jerking, or uneven manner.
- (intransitive) To copulate, as bucks and does.
- (intransitive, of a horse or similar saddle or pack animal) To leap upward arching its back, coming down with head low and forelegs stiff, forcefully kicking its hind legs upward, often in an attempt to dislodge or throw a rider or pack.
- (electronics) To output a voltage that is lower than the input voltage.
noun
- a piece of paper money worth one dollar
- mature male of various mammals (especially deer or antelope)
- a gymnastic horse without pommels and with one end elongated; used lengthwise for vaulting
- a framework for holding wood that is being sawed
- (US, slang) One hundred.
- (US, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, informal) A dollar (one hundred cents).
- (finance) One million dollars.
- (US, military slang, WWI–WWII) Lowest rank; a private.
- A young buck; an adventurous, impetuous, dashing, or high-spirited young man.
- Clipping of buckshot.
- Synonym of mule (“type of cocktail with ginger ale etc.”).
- The sound made by a chicken.
- A wood or metal frame used by automotive customizers and restorers to assist in the shaping of sheet metal bodywork.
- (UK, dialect) The body of a post mill, particularly in East Anglia. See Wikipedia:Windmill machinery.
- (Africa) An antelope of either sex; compare with Afrikaans bok.
- A frame on which firewood is sawed; a sawhorse; a sawbuck.
- (by extension, Australia, South Africa, US, informal) Money.
- (Scotland) The beech tree.
- (US) An uncastrated sheep, a ram.
- A male deer, antelope, sheep, goat, rabbit, hare, and sometimes the male of other animals such as the hamster, ferret, salmonid, shad and kangaroo.
- A leather-covered frame used for gymnastic vaulting.
- (South Africa, informal) A rand (currency unit).
- (informal, rare) A euro.
verb
noun
verb
adj
- marked by stubborn resistance to authority
- stubbornly resistant to authority or control
- Marked by a stubborn unwillingness to obey authority.
- Unwilling to cooperate socially.
- Difficult to deal with or to operate.
- (botany, of seed, pollen, spores) Not viable for an extended period; damaged by drying or freezing.
noun
adj
noun
- (dialectal) Firefly or miller (moth).
- A serving of this beer.
- A large clothing size.
- Gadfly.
- Gnat.
- (beer) A dark and strong malt brew made with toasted grain.
- An obese person.
- a strong very dark heavy-bodied ale made from pale malt and roasted unmalted barley and (often) caramel malt with hops
- a garment size for a large or heavy person
verb
adj
- Tending to contradict or oppose, contrarious.
- That is diametrically opposed to something.
- Mutually exclusive.
- That contradicts something, such as an argument.
- That is itself a contradiction.
- of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false
- unable for both to exist or be true at the same time
- in disagreement
- that confounds or contradicts or confuses
noun
adj
noun
- (countable) An effort, process, or operation designed to establish or discover a fact or truth; an act of testing; a test; a trial.
- (uncountable) The degree of evidence which convinces the mind of any truth or fact, and produces belief; a test by facts or arguments which induce, or tend to induce, certainty of the judgment; conclusive evidence; demonstration.
- The quality or state of having been proved or tried; firmness or hardness which resists impression, or does not yield to force; impenetrability of physical bodies.
- (countable, mathematics) A process for testing the accuracy of an operation performed. Compare prove, transitive verb, 5.
- (countable, printing) A proof sheet; a trial impression, as from type, taken for correction or examination.
- (numismatics) A limited-run high-quality strike of a particular coin, originally as a test run, although nowadays mostly for collectors' sets.
- (countable, logic, mathematics) A sequence of statements consisting of axioms, assumptions, statements already demonstrated in another proof, and statements that logically follow from previous statements in the sequence, and which concludes with a statement that is the object of the proof.
- (US) A measure of the alcohol content of liquor. Originally, in Britain, 100 proof was defined as 57.1% by volume (no longer used). In the US, 100 proof means that the alcohol content is 50% of the total volume of the liquid; thus, perfectly pure absolute alcohol would be 200 proof.
- a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume)
- a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it
- (printing) an impression made to check for errors
- the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something
- a trial photographic print from a negative
- any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something
verb
- (transitive, firearms) To test-fire with a load considerably more powerful than the firearm in question's rated maximum chamber pressure, in order to establish the firearm's ability to withstand pressures well in excess of those expected in service without bursting.
- (transitive, intransitive, colloquial) To proofread.
- (transitive, baking) To allow (yeast-containing dough) to rise, especially after it has been shaped
- (transitive) To make resistant, especially to water.
- (transitive, baking) To test the activeness of (yeast).
- knead to reach proper lightness
- make or take a proof of, such as a photographic negative, an etching, or typeset
- make resistant (to harm)
- activate by mixing with water and sometimes sugar or milk
- read for errors