Parole in English per 'hardscape'
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adj
- Impoverished, hardscrabble
- Characterised by scrabbling, or digging around.
- Rough, poor and uncultured.
- Scribbly.
- Having a rough texture; scratchy.
- Stunted.
- Of poor quality; poorly maintained.
- Sparse and scraggly.
- Thrown together; disorganized or slapdash.
- Covered in loose rocks or crumbling soil.
- Characterized by sparse, stunted vegetation, infertile.
- Difficult to negotiate; requiring scrambling.
- sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush
verb
noun
verb
- cover with gravel
- cause annoyance in; disturb, especially by minor irritations
- be a mystery or bewildering to
- (transitive) To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot.
- (transitive) To puzzle or annoy.
- (transitive) To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand.
- (transitive) To check or stop; to confound; to perplex.
- (transitive) To apply a layer of gravel to the surface of a road, etc.
noun
- rock fragments and pebbles
- (uncountable, geology) A particle from 2 to 64 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.
- (slang) The stimulant drug alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone.
- (uncountable, cycling) Gravel cycling, a discipline in cycling different from road cycling, mountain biking or cyclocross, for a large part on gravel roads, typically with a dedicated gravel bike.
- (uncountable) Small fragments of rock, used for laying on the beds of roads and railways, and as ballast.
- A lameness in the foot of a horse, usually caused by an abscess.
- A type or grade of small rocks, differentiated by mineral type, size range, or other characteristics.
- (rare) Inability to see at night; night blindness.
adj
adj
- hard as granite
- As hard as stone.
- abounding in rocks or stones
- showing unfeeling resistance to tender feelings
- (figuratively, of a person) Lacking warmth and emotion.
- (figuratively, of an action or expression such as a look) Showing no warmth of emotion; (usually also) emotionally cold, silent, and motionless or nearly so.
- (UK and Australia, slang) Ellipsis of stony broke: without any money.
- Containing or made up of stones.
noun
adj
verb
adj
adj
- Rough (of a surface).
- (grammar, of a word) Not following the regular or expected patterns of inflection in a given language.
- Nonstandard; not conforming to rules or expectations.
- (geometry, of a polygon) Not regular; having sides that are not equal or angles that are not equal.
- Without symmetry, regularity, or uniformity.
- (geometry, of a polyhedron) Whose faces are not all regular polygons (or are not equally inclined to each other).
- lacking continuity or regularity
- contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice
- not occurring at a regular rate or fixed intervals
- (of a surface or shape); not level or flat or symmetrical
- (used of the military) not belonging to or engaged in by regular army forces
- independent in behavior or thought
- deviating from normal expectations; somewhat odd, strange, or abnormal
- (of solids) not having clear dimensions that can be measured; volume must be determined with the principle of liquid displacement
- failing to meet a standard of manufacture due to an imperfection
noun
- One who does not regularly attend a venue.
- A soldier who is not a member of an official military force and who may not use regular army tactics.
- a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment
- merchandise that has imperfections; usually sold at a reduced price without the brand name
noun
- Hardness.
- (geology) The process of the strengthening of rocks by heating, compaction or cementation, or a combination thereof.
- (medicine, dermatology, by extension) An area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction.
- The process of becoming hard.
- An enduring presence; fixity.
- (medicine) A hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration.
- (geology) The quality of nonfriability; the extent to which a rock does not crumble; rock strength.
- any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue
noun
- A layer of hard clay subsoil or sedimentary rock; hardpan.
- (mineralogy) A crude form of sodium nitrate from South America; used as a fertilizer.
- crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions
- nitrate-bearing rock or gravel of the sodium nitrate deposits of Chile and Peru
noun
noun
- Gravel.
- A part of some ploughs, next to the ploughshare, that helps cut into the soil and deal with obstructions such as rocks, roots, and stems.
- (usually in the plural) Coarse flour; bran; the coarser part of bran or flour.
- A cutting tool used to remove parts of stone, wood or metal by pushing or pounding the back when the sharp edge is against the material. It consists of a slim, oblong block of metal with a sharp wedge or bevel formed on one end and sometimes a handle at the other end; there are hand tool versions (the original type) and versions as bits for power tools.
- A part of any of various tools or devices that has an analogous purpose, cutting raw material or a workpiece during the process that the tool or device performs.
- an edge tool with a flat steel blade with a cutting edge
verb
- (transitive, figurative) To make small changes to (something), bit by bit, resulting in change over time.
- (ambitransitive, informal) To beg or pressure somebody into giving up (something); to haggle excessively; to cheat; to obtain something from (someone) by cheating.
- (intransitive) To use a chisel.
- (transitive) To work something with a chisel.
- engage in deceitful behavior; practice trickery or fraud
- carve with a chisel
- deprive somebody of something by deceit
adj
- Of an austere or hard nature; rugged.
- Complicated or tricky; complex, difficult.
- Of string or something stringlike: full of, or tied up, in knots.
- Of a part of the body, a tree, etc.: full of knots (knobs or swellings); gnarled, knobbly.
- tangled in knots or snarls
- highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious
- used of old persons or old trees; covered with knobs or knots
- making great mental demands; hard to comprehend or solve or believe
noun
adj
- rough and crude
- marked by richness and fullness of flavor
- strong enough to withstand or overcome intellectual challenges or adversity
- sturdy and strong in form, constitution, or construction
- (systems engineering) Designed or evolved in such a way as to be resistant to total failure despite partial damage.
- (chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an individual or skeletal element: strongly built; muscular; not gracile.
- (software engineering) Resistant or impervious to failure regardless of user input or unexpected conditions.
- Requiring strength or vigor.
- (euphemistic) Rough; rude.
- Able to withstand adverse conditions.
- Evincing strength and health; strong; (often, especially) both large and healthy.
- Sensible (of intellect etc.); straightforward, not given to or confused by uncertainty or subtlety.
- (statistics) Not greatly influenced by errors in assumptions about the distribution of sample errors.
adj
- rough to the touch; covered with scales or scurf
- dealing with salacious or indecent material
- (figurative) Disgusting, repellent.
- (figurative, chiefly US) Covered with a crust of dirt or grime.
- Covered with scales or scabs; hence, very coarse or rough.
- (figurative) Of music, writing, etc.: lacking refinement; unmelodious, unmusical.
- (biology) Having scabers.
- (figurative) Difficult, thorny, troublesome, requiring tact.
- (figurative) Salacious, scandalous; concerning oneself with lurid or lascivious substance.
adj
noun
noun
- Ellipsis of asphalt concrete, a hard ground covering used for roads and walkways.
- A sticky, black to brown and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid, composed almost entirely of bitumen with small mineral particles, that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits.
- mixed asphalt and crushed gravel or sand; used especially for paving but also for roofing
- a dark bituminous substance found in natural beds and as residue from petroleum distillation; consists mainly of hydrocarbons
verb
noun
- A ridge or low barrier.
- A timber bolted to a row of piles to secure them together and in position.
- A horizontal timber used for supporting or retaining earth.
- The texture of a piece of fabric.
- (nautical) A horizontal ridge or ledge on the outside planking of a wooden ship. (See gunwale, chainwale)
- A ridge or streak produced on skin by a cane or whip.
- (Scotland, Northern England) Something selected as being the best, preference; choice; choosing.
- A ridge on the outside of a horse collar.
- A raised rib in knitted goods or fabric, especially corduroy.
- thick plank forming a ridge along the side of a wooden ship
- a raised mark on the skin (as produced by the blow of a whip); characteristic of many allergic reactions
verb
noun
- Crushed rock, stones etc. used to make a road.
- (astronomy) An element which was not directly created after the Big Bang but instead formed through nuclear reactions; any element other than hydrogen and helium.
- (UK, in the plural) The rails of a railway.
- Any material with similar physical properties as those chemical elements, especially as a combination of several of them, such as an alloy.
- Any of a number of chemical elements in the periodic table that form a metallic bond with other metal atoms; generally shiny, somewhat malleable and hard, often a conductor of heat and electricity.
- (music) A category of rock music encompassing a number of genres (including thrash metal, death metal, heavy metal, etc.) characterized by strong drumbeats and distorted guitars.
- The effective power or calibre of guns carried by a vessel of war.
- (glassblowing) Molten glass that is to be blown or moulded to form objects.
- (informal, travel, aviation) The actual airline operating a flight, rather than any of the codeshare operators.
- (mining) The ore from which a metal is derived.
- (heraldry) A light tincture used in a coat of arms, specifically argent (white or silver) and or (gold).
- any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.
- a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten
verb
adj
verb
noun
- a road that is raised above water or marshland or sand
- A road that is raised so as to be above water, marshland, and similar low-lying obstacles, which in some cases may flood periodically (e.g. due to tides). Originally causeways were much like dykes, generally pierced to let water through, whereas many modern causeways are more like bridges or viaducts.
noun
- a hard outer layer that covers something
- the trait of being rude and impertinent; inclined to take liberties
- the outer layer of the Earth
- (astronomy, by extension) The outermost layer of the lithosphere of any terrestrial planet.
- The external, hardened layer of certain foodstuffs, including most types of bread, fried meat, etc.
- (British, Australia, informal) A living.
- The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc.
- (British, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Canada, Northern US) A slice of bread cut from the end of a loaf; the heel.
- The bread-like base of a pizza.
- A more solid, dense or hard layer on a surface or boundary.
- An outer layer composed of pastry
- (uncountable, informal) Nerve, gall.
- (geology) The outermost layer of the lithosphere of the Earth.
- (music) Ellipsis of crust punk, a subgenre of punk music.
verb
noun
- a hard outer layer that covers something
- the formation of a crust
- a decorative coating of contrasting material that is applied to a surface as an inlay or overlay
- A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler.
- (figuratively) An accumulated characteristic of a person that disguises their true nature.
- A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement.
- Anything inlaid or embedded.
- The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted.
adv
adj
- not perfected
- unpleasantly harsh or grating in sound
- unkind or cruel or uncivil
- causing or characterized by jolts and irregular movements
- having or caused by an irregular surface
- unpleasantly stern
- full of hardship or trials
- not quite exact or correct
- ready and able to resort to force or violence
- (of persons or behavior) lacking refinement or finesse
- of the margin of a leaf shape; having the edge cut or fringed or scalloped
- violently agitated and turbulent
- not carefully or expertly made
- not shaped by cutting or trimming
- Violent; not careful or subtle.
- Harsh-tasting.
- (of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous.
- Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating.
- Not smooth; uneven.
- (of a gem) Not polished; uncut.
- (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover.
- Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished.
- Difficult; trying.
- (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition.
- Crude; unrefined.
- Worn; shabby; weather-beaten.
- Turbulent.
- Of or relating to the rough breathing in the Greek language.
noun
- the part of a golf course bordering the fairway where the grass is not cut short
- The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created.
- A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping.
- (cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce.
- A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming.
- The unmowed part of a golf course.
- A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
verb
- prepare in preliminary or sketchy form
- (transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping.
- To render rough; to roughen.
- (ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player.
- To endure primitive conditions.
- (boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent.
- To create in an approximate form.
- To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes.
adv
- with rough motion as over a rough surface
- with roughness or violence (‘rough’ is an informal variant for ‘roughly’)
- (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct
- In a rough manner; without kindness, softness, or gentleness.
- Without precision or exactness; imprecisely but close to in quantity or amount; approximately.
- Unevenly or irregularly.
noun
- a steep high face of rock
- a shape that is spherical and small
- a central depository where things can be left or picked up
- a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity
- a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property)
- the act of dropping something
- a curtain that can be lowered and raised onto a stage from the flies; often used as background scenery
- a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity
- a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid)
- Of women's clothes: the difference between the bust circumference and hip circumference.
- (online gaming, video games) An item made available for the player to pick up from the remains of a defeated enemy.
- (pinball) Ellipsis of drop target.
- (rugby) Ellipsis of drop kick.
- (pharmacology, chiefly in the plural) A liquid medicine that is intended to be administered in drops (sense 1).
- (agriculture) A fruit which has fallen off a tree, etc., or has been knocked off accidentally, rather than picked.
- (informal) Only used in get the drop on, have the drop on: an advantage.
- A decline in degree, quality, quantity, or rate.
- (nautical) The depth of a (square) sail (generally applied to the courses only); the vertical dimension of a sail.
- (electrics, telecommunications) An overhead electrical line running from a utility pole to a customer's building or other premises.
- (American football) A dropped pass.
- Usually preceded by the: relegation from one division to a lower one.
- (law enforcement) The distance that a person drops when being executed by hanging.
- Often preceded by a defining word: a small, round piece of hard candy, such as a lemon drop; a lozenge.
- (theater) A curtain which falls in front of a theatrical stage; also, a section of (cloth) scenery lowered on to the stage like a curtain.
- (slang, US) An automobile with a drop-top roof, a convertible.
- Licorice in confectionery form.
- Ellipsis of drop hammer or drop press.
- The distance below a cliff or other high position through which someone or something could fall; hence, a steep slope.
- (also figuratively) A small quantity of liquid, just large enough to hold its own rounded shape through surface tension, especially one that falls from a source of liquid.
- (law enforcement, informal) Preceded by the: execution by hanging.
- (music) A point in a song, usually electronic music such as dubstep, house, trance, or trap, where there is a very noticeable and pleasing change in bass, tempo, and/or overall tone; a climax, a highlight.
- A release (of music, a video game, etc).
- (Ireland, informal) A single measure of whisky.
- Of men's clothes: the difference between the chest circumference and waist circumference.
- (figuratively) A very small quantity of liquid, or (by extension) of anything.
- (law enforcement) A trapdoor (“hinged platform”) on a gallows; a gallows itself.
- An act of moving downwards under the force of gravity; a descent, a fall.
- The vertical length of a hanging curtain.
- A mechanism for lowering something, such as a machine for lowering heavy weights on to a ship's deck, or a device for temporarily lowering a gas jet, etc.
- (pharmacology) A dose of liquid medicine in the form of a drop (sense 1).
- (engineering) The distance of the axis of a shaft below the base of a hanger.
- (surfing) A near vertical decent down the face of a breaking wave.
- (cricket) A place (specified by an ordinal) in the batting order after the openers.
- (architecture) An ornament resembling a pendant; a gutta.
- (American football) Ellipsis of drop-back.
- (gambling) The amount of money that a gambler exchanges for chips in a casino.
- (chiefly British) Usually preceded by the: alcoholic spirits in general.
- (golf) Ellipsis of drop shot.
- The cover mounted on a swivel over a keyhole that rests over the keyhole when not in use to keep out debris, but is swiveled out of the way before inserting the key.
- (chiefly Australia, British) A small amount of an alcoholic beverage.
- A place where items or supplies may be left for others to collect, whether openly (as with a mail drop), or secretly or illegally (as in crime or espionage); a drop-off point.
- An instance of making a delivery of people, supplies, or things, especially by parachute out of an aircraft (an airdrop), but also by truck, etc.
verb
- pay out
- utter with seeming casualness
- take (a drug, especially LSD), by mouth
- change from one level to another
- remove (cargo, people, etc.) from and leave
- lower the pitch of (musical notes)
- fall or descend to a lower place or level
- stop pursuing or acting
- to fall vertically
- let fall to the ground
- cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow
- fall or sink into a state of exhaustion or death
- grow progressively worse
- stop associating with
- leave undone or leave out
- let or cause to fall in drops
- to remove
- go down in value
- lose (a game)
- omit (a letter or syllable) in speaking or writing
- give birth; used for animals
- hang loosely
- terminate an association with
- (cooking) To cook (food, especially fast food), particularly by lowering into hot oil to deep-fry, or by grilling.
- (transitive, music) To tune (a guitar string, etc.) to a lower note.
- (intransitive) Of a liquid: to fall in drops or droplets.
- (transitive) To cease concerning oneself over (someone or something); to have nothing more to do with (a discussion, subject, etc.).
- (intransitive, computing) To enter a more basic interface.
- (transitive) To make (someone or something) fall to the ground from a blow, gunshot, etc.; to bring down, to shoot down; to kill.
- (intransitive, physiology, informal) Of the testicles: to hang further away from the body and begin producing sperm due to puberty.
- (transitive) To reduce; to make smaller.
- Especially in drop acid: to swallow (a drug, particularly LSD).
- (intransitive) Of a voice: to lower in timbre, often due to puberty.
- (transitive, computing, music, television, colloquial) To release (a programme, software, a music album or song, etc.) to the public.
- (intransitive) To decrease, diminish, or lessen in condition, degree, value, etc.
- (intransitive, computing, music, television, colloquial) Of a programme, software, a music album or song, etc.: to enter public distribution.
- (transitive) To drip (a liquid) in drops or small amounts.
- (originally US) To (unexpectedly) lose (a competition, game, etc.).
- To lose, spend, or otherwise part with (money).
- (intransitive, also figuratively) To fall (straight down) under the influence of gravity, like a drop of liquid.
- (intransitive) To come to an end (by not being kept up); to lapse, to stop.
- (intransitive) To fall into a particular condition or state.
- (intransitive, online gaming, video games) Of an item: To appear for the player to pick up, usually after an enemy has been defeated.
- To impart (something).
- (intransitive) Usually followed by by, in, or into: of a person: to visit someone or somewhere informally or without a prior appointment.
- (intransitive) To fall or sink quickly or suddenly to the ground.
- (rugby) To score (a goal) by means of a drop kick.
- (transitive) To cancel or cease to participate in (a scheduled course, event, or project).
- To perform (rap music).
- (transitive) To mention (something) casually or incidentally, usually in conversation.
- (transitive) To set down (someone or something) from a vehicle; to stop and deliver or deposit (someone or something); to drop off.
- (transitive) To lower (a sound, a voice, etc.) in pitch or volume.
- (transitive, computing) To present (the user) with a more basic interface.
- (transitive) To cease to include (something), as if on a list; to dismiss, to eject, to expel.
- To quickly lower or take down (one's trousers), especially in public.
- (cricket) Of a fielder: to fail to dismiss (a batsman) by accidentally dropping a batted ball that had initially been caught.
- (transitive, linguistics) To fail to write, or (especially) to pronounce (a syllable, letter, etc.).
- To pass or use (counterfeit cheques, money, etc.).
- (intransitive) To collapse in exhaustion or injury; also, to fall dead, or to fall in death.
- (transitive, ergative, also figuratively) To let (something) fall; to allow (something) to fall (either by releasing hold of, or losing one's grip on).
- (transitive) To move to a lower position; to allow to hang downwards; to lower.
- (intransitive) Of a song or sound: to lower in key, pitch, tempo, or other quality.
- (transitive, online gaming, video games) Of a defeated enemy or container: To leave behind an item that the player can collect.
- To play (a portion of music) in the manner of a disc jockey.
- (intransitive, gambling) To drop out of the betting.
- (transitive) Of an animal (usually a sheep): to give birth to (young); of a bird: to lay (an egg).
- (transitive) To let (a letter, etc.) fall into a postbox; hence, to send (a letter, email, or other message) in an offhand manner.
- (transitive) To dispose or get rid of (something); to lose, to remove.
- (US, Singapore, ergative, military, slang) To make someone, or be made to do push-ups or some other form of exercise on the ground as punishment.
- (intransitive) To fall behind or to the rear of a group of people, etc., as a result of not keeping up with those at the front.
noun
- a steep high face of rock
- a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality
- a change downward
- A time during which passengers, such as school children, are dropped off; the event or act of dropping them off.
- A delivery; the act of leaving a package, etc.
- The precipitous outer side of a coral reef, facing the open sea.
- (Internet) A visitor to a website who ceases to continue using and navigating around the site after reaching some specified page; or such an act of cessation.
- A decrease; especially, a sudden one.
- A sudden downward slope or cliff.
- (especially US) A space reserved outside a bus or railway station for vehicles stopping to drop off passengers for onward transit.
verb
noun
- rectangular paving stone with curved top; once used to make roads
- (manufacturing) A piece of steel that becomes malformed during its manufacture or rolling.
- Alternative form of coble (“a kind of fishing-boat”).
- A cobblestone.
- (geology) A particle from 64 to 256 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.
noun
- flat tableland with steep edges
- a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs
- food or meals in general
- a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it
- a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game
- a set of data arranged in rows and columns
- A supply of food or entertainment.
- A flat tray which can be used as a table.
- The board or table-like furniture on which a game is played, such as snooker, billiards, or draughts.
- A group of people at a table, for example, for a meal, meeting or game.
- A collection of arithmetic calculations arranged in a table, such as multiplications in a multiplication table.
- A matrix or grid of data arranged in rows and columns.
- A wide, flat obstacle for a horse to jump over.
- (waitstaff, metonymic) A group of diners at a given table or tables.
- A flat gravestone supported on pillars.
- (metonymic) A booth or display at an event such as an exposition or fair.
- (computing, chiefly databases) A lookup table, most often a set of vectors.
- (music) The top of a stringed instrument, particularly a member of the violin family: the side of the instrument against which the strings vibrate.
- The flat topmost facet of a cut diamond.
- (poker, metonymic) The lineup of players at a given table.
- (roleplaying games, metonymic) A group of players meeting regularly to play a campaign.
- (backgammon) One half of a backgammon board, which is divided into the inner and outer table.
- An item of furniture with a flat top surface raised above the ground, usually on one or more legs.
- A service of Holy Communion.
- (sports) A visual representation of a classification of teams or individuals based on their success over a predetermined period.
verb
- hold back to a later time
- arrange or enter in tabular form
- To put on a table.
- (metonymic) To represent a company or organization (at an exposition, fair, etc.), usually at a booth or display.
- (non-US) To put on the table of a commission or legislative assembly; to propose for formal discussion or consideration, to put on the agenda.
- (poker, colloquial) To show one's cards face-up, especially during showdown.
- To tabulate; to put into a table or grid.
- (nautical) To make board hems in the skirts and bottoms of (sails) in order to strengthen them in the part attached to the bolt-rope.
- (chiefly US) To remove from the agenda, to postpone dealing with; to shelve (to indefinitely postpone consideration or discussion of something).
noun
adj
verb
noun
- Hardness.
- (geology) The process of the strengthening of rocks by heating, compaction or cementation, or a combination thereof.
- (medicine, dermatology, by extension) An area or part of the body that has undergone such a reaction.
- The process of becoming hard.
- An enduring presence; fixity.
- (medicine) A hardening of an area of the body as a reaction to inflammation, hyperemia, or neoplastic infiltration.
- (geology) The quality of nonfriability; the extent to which a rock does not crumble; rock strength.
- any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue
noun
- A layer of hard clay subsoil or sedimentary rock; hardpan.
- (mineralogy) A crude form of sodium nitrate from South America; used as a fertilizer.
- crust or layer of hard subsoil encrusted with calcium-carbonate occurring in arid or semiarid regions
- nitrate-bearing rock or gravel of the sodium nitrate deposits of Chile and Peru
noun
noun
- Gravel.
- A part of some ploughs, next to the ploughshare, that helps cut into the soil and deal with obstructions such as rocks, roots, and stems.
- (usually in the plural) Coarse flour; bran; the coarser part of bran or flour.
- A cutting tool used to remove parts of stone, wood or metal by pushing or pounding the back when the sharp edge is against the material. It consists of a slim, oblong block of metal with a sharp wedge or bevel formed on one end and sometimes a handle at the other end; there are hand tool versions (the original type) and versions as bits for power tools.
- A part of any of various tools or devices that has an analogous purpose, cutting raw material or a workpiece during the process that the tool or device performs.
- an edge tool with a flat steel blade with a cutting edge
verb
- (transitive, figurative) To make small changes to (something), bit by bit, resulting in change over time.
- (ambitransitive, informal) To beg or pressure somebody into giving up (something); to haggle excessively; to cheat; to obtain something from (someone) by cheating.
- (intransitive) To use a chisel.
- (transitive) To work something with a chisel.
- engage in deceitful behavior; practice trickery or fraud
- carve with a chisel
- deprive somebody of something by deceit
noun
noun
- Ellipsis of asphalt concrete, a hard ground covering used for roads and walkways.
- A sticky, black to brown and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid, composed almost entirely of bitumen with small mineral particles, that is present in most crude petroleums and in some natural deposits.
- mixed asphalt and crushed gravel or sand; used especially for paving but also for roofing
- a dark bituminous substance found in natural beds and as residue from petroleum distillation; consists mainly of hydrocarbons
verb
noun
- A ridge or low barrier.
- A timber bolted to a row of piles to secure them together and in position.
- A horizontal timber used for supporting or retaining earth.
- The texture of a piece of fabric.
- (nautical) A horizontal ridge or ledge on the outside planking of a wooden ship. (See gunwale, chainwale)
- A ridge or streak produced on skin by a cane or whip.
- (Scotland, Northern England) Something selected as being the best, preference; choice; choosing.
- A ridge on the outside of a horse collar.
- A raised rib in knitted goods or fabric, especially corduroy.
- thick plank forming a ridge along the side of a wooden ship
- a raised mark on the skin (as produced by the blow of a whip); characteristic of many allergic reactions
verb
noun
- Crushed rock, stones etc. used to make a road.
- (astronomy) An element which was not directly created after the Big Bang but instead formed through nuclear reactions; any element other than hydrogen and helium.
- (UK, in the plural) The rails of a railway.
- Any material with similar physical properties as those chemical elements, especially as a combination of several of them, such as an alloy.
- Any of a number of chemical elements in the periodic table that form a metallic bond with other metal atoms; generally shiny, somewhat malleable and hard, often a conductor of heat and electricity.
- (music) A category of rock music encompassing a number of genres (including thrash metal, death metal, heavy metal, etc.) characterized by strong drumbeats and distorted guitars.
- The effective power or calibre of guns carried by a vessel of war.
- (glassblowing) Molten glass that is to be blown or moulded to form objects.
- (informal, travel, aviation) The actual airline operating a flight, rather than any of the codeshare operators.
- (mining) The ore from which a metal is derived.
- (heraldry) A light tincture used in a coat of arms, specifically argent (white or silver) and or (gold).
- any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.
- a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten
verb
adj
noun
- a hard outer layer that covers something
- the trait of being rude and impertinent; inclined to take liberties
- the outer layer of the Earth
- (astronomy, by extension) The outermost layer of the lithosphere of any terrestrial planet.
- The external, hardened layer of certain foodstuffs, including most types of bread, fried meat, etc.
- (British, Australia, informal) A living.
- The shell of crabs, lobsters, etc.
- (British, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, Canada, Northern US) A slice of bread cut from the end of a loaf; the heel.
- The bread-like base of a pizza.
- A more solid, dense or hard layer on a surface or boundary.
- An outer layer composed of pastry
- (uncountable, informal) Nerve, gall.
- (geology) The outermost layer of the lithosphere of the Earth.
- (music) Ellipsis of crust punk, a subgenre of punk music.
verb
noun
- a hard outer layer that covers something
- the formation of a crust
- a decorative coating of contrasting material that is applied to a surface as an inlay or overlay
- A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler.
- (figuratively) An accumulated characteristic of a person that disguises their true nature.
- A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement.
- Anything inlaid or embedded.
- The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted.
noun
- a steep high face of rock
- a shape that is spherical and small
- a central depository where things can be left or picked up
- a free and rapid descent by the force of gravity
- a predetermined hiding place for the deposit and distribution of illicit goods (such as drugs or stolen property)
- the act of dropping something
- a curtain that can be lowered and raised onto a stage from the flies; often used as background scenery
- a sudden sharp decrease in some quantity
- a small indefinite quantity (especially of a liquid)
- Of women's clothes: the difference between the bust circumference and hip circumference.
- (online gaming, video games) An item made available for the player to pick up from the remains of a defeated enemy.
- (pinball) Ellipsis of drop target.
- (rugby) Ellipsis of drop kick.
- (pharmacology, chiefly in the plural) A liquid medicine that is intended to be administered in drops (sense 1).
- (agriculture) A fruit which has fallen off a tree, etc., or has been knocked off accidentally, rather than picked.
- (informal) Only used in get the drop on, have the drop on: an advantage.
- A decline in degree, quality, quantity, or rate.
- (nautical) The depth of a (square) sail (generally applied to the courses only); the vertical dimension of a sail.
- (electrics, telecommunications) An overhead electrical line running from a utility pole to a customer's building or other premises.
- (American football) A dropped pass.
- Usually preceded by the: relegation from one division to a lower one.
- (law enforcement) The distance that a person drops when being executed by hanging.
- Often preceded by a defining word: a small, round piece of hard candy, such as a lemon drop; a lozenge.
- (theater) A curtain which falls in front of a theatrical stage; also, a section of (cloth) scenery lowered on to the stage like a curtain.
- (slang, US) An automobile with a drop-top roof, a convertible.
- Licorice in confectionery form.
- Ellipsis of drop hammer or drop press.
- The distance below a cliff or other high position through which someone or something could fall; hence, a steep slope.
- (also figuratively) A small quantity of liquid, just large enough to hold its own rounded shape through surface tension, especially one that falls from a source of liquid.
- (law enforcement, informal) Preceded by the: execution by hanging.
- (music) A point in a song, usually electronic music such as dubstep, house, trance, or trap, where there is a very noticeable and pleasing change in bass, tempo, and/or overall tone; a climax, a highlight.
- A release (of music, a video game, etc).
- (Ireland, informal) A single measure of whisky.
- Of men's clothes: the difference between the chest circumference and waist circumference.
- (figuratively) A very small quantity of liquid, or (by extension) of anything.
- (law enforcement) A trapdoor (“hinged platform”) on a gallows; a gallows itself.
- An act of moving downwards under the force of gravity; a descent, a fall.
- The vertical length of a hanging curtain.
- A mechanism for lowering something, such as a machine for lowering heavy weights on to a ship's deck, or a device for temporarily lowering a gas jet, etc.
- (pharmacology) A dose of liquid medicine in the form of a drop (sense 1).
- (engineering) The distance of the axis of a shaft below the base of a hanger.
- (surfing) A near vertical decent down the face of a breaking wave.
- (cricket) A place (specified by an ordinal) in the batting order after the openers.
- (architecture) An ornament resembling a pendant; a gutta.
- (American football) Ellipsis of drop-back.
- (gambling) The amount of money that a gambler exchanges for chips in a casino.
- (chiefly British) Usually preceded by the: alcoholic spirits in general.
- (golf) Ellipsis of drop shot.
- The cover mounted on a swivel over a keyhole that rests over the keyhole when not in use to keep out debris, but is swiveled out of the way before inserting the key.
- (chiefly Australia, British) A small amount of an alcoholic beverage.
- A place where items or supplies may be left for others to collect, whether openly (as with a mail drop), or secretly or illegally (as in crime or espionage); a drop-off point.
- An instance of making a delivery of people, supplies, or things, especially by parachute out of an aircraft (an airdrop), but also by truck, etc.
verb
- pay out
- utter with seeming casualness
- take (a drug, especially LSD), by mouth
- change from one level to another
- remove (cargo, people, etc.) from and leave
- lower the pitch of (musical notes)
- fall or descend to a lower place or level
- stop pursuing or acting
- to fall vertically
- let fall to the ground
- cause to fall by or as if by delivering a blow
- fall or sink into a state of exhaustion or death
- grow progressively worse
- stop associating with
- leave undone or leave out
- let or cause to fall in drops
- to remove
- go down in value
- lose (a game)
- omit (a letter or syllable) in speaking or writing
- give birth; used for animals
- hang loosely
- terminate an association with
- (cooking) To cook (food, especially fast food), particularly by lowering into hot oil to deep-fry, or by grilling.
- (transitive, music) To tune (a guitar string, etc.) to a lower note.
- (intransitive) Of a liquid: to fall in drops or droplets.
- (transitive) To cease concerning oneself over (someone or something); to have nothing more to do with (a discussion, subject, etc.).
- (intransitive, computing) To enter a more basic interface.
- (transitive) To make (someone or something) fall to the ground from a blow, gunshot, etc.; to bring down, to shoot down; to kill.
- (intransitive, physiology, informal) Of the testicles: to hang further away from the body and begin producing sperm due to puberty.
- (transitive) To reduce; to make smaller.
- Especially in drop acid: to swallow (a drug, particularly LSD).
- (intransitive) Of a voice: to lower in timbre, often due to puberty.
- (transitive, computing, music, television, colloquial) To release (a programme, software, a music album or song, etc.) to the public.
- (intransitive) To decrease, diminish, or lessen in condition, degree, value, etc.
- (intransitive, computing, music, television, colloquial) Of a programme, software, a music album or song, etc.: to enter public distribution.
- (transitive) To drip (a liquid) in drops or small amounts.
- (originally US) To (unexpectedly) lose (a competition, game, etc.).
- To lose, spend, or otherwise part with (money).
- (intransitive, also figuratively) To fall (straight down) under the influence of gravity, like a drop of liquid.
- (intransitive) To come to an end (by not being kept up); to lapse, to stop.
- (intransitive) To fall into a particular condition or state.
- (intransitive, online gaming, video games) Of an item: To appear for the player to pick up, usually after an enemy has been defeated.
- To impart (something).
- (intransitive) Usually followed by by, in, or into: of a person: to visit someone or somewhere informally or without a prior appointment.
- (intransitive) To fall or sink quickly or suddenly to the ground.
- (rugby) To score (a goal) by means of a drop kick.
- (transitive) To cancel or cease to participate in (a scheduled course, event, or project).
- To perform (rap music).
- (transitive) To mention (something) casually or incidentally, usually in conversation.
- (transitive) To set down (someone or something) from a vehicle; to stop and deliver or deposit (someone or something); to drop off.
- (transitive) To lower (a sound, a voice, etc.) in pitch or volume.
- (transitive, computing) To present (the user) with a more basic interface.
- (transitive) To cease to include (something), as if on a list; to dismiss, to eject, to expel.
- To quickly lower or take down (one's trousers), especially in public.
- (cricket) Of a fielder: to fail to dismiss (a batsman) by accidentally dropping a batted ball that had initially been caught.
- (transitive, linguistics) To fail to write, or (especially) to pronounce (a syllable, letter, etc.).
- To pass or use (counterfeit cheques, money, etc.).
- (intransitive) To collapse in exhaustion or injury; also, to fall dead, or to fall in death.
- (transitive, ergative, also figuratively) To let (something) fall; to allow (something) to fall (either by releasing hold of, or losing one's grip on).
- (transitive) To move to a lower position; to allow to hang downwards; to lower.
- (intransitive) Of a song or sound: to lower in key, pitch, tempo, or other quality.
- (transitive, online gaming, video games) Of a defeated enemy or container: To leave behind an item that the player can collect.
- To play (a portion of music) in the manner of a disc jockey.
- (intransitive, gambling) To drop out of the betting.
- (transitive) Of an animal (usually a sheep): to give birth to (young); of a bird: to lay (an egg).
- (transitive) To let (a letter, etc.) fall into a postbox; hence, to send (a letter, email, or other message) in an offhand manner.
- (transitive) To dispose or get rid of (something); to lose, to remove.
- (US, Singapore, ergative, military, slang) To make someone, or be made to do push-ups or some other form of exercise on the ground as punishment.
- (intransitive) To fall behind or to the rear of a group of people, etc., as a result of not keeping up with those at the front.
noun
- a steep high face of rock
- a noticeable deterioration in performance or quality
- a change downward
- A time during which passengers, such as school children, are dropped off; the event or act of dropping them off.
- A delivery; the act of leaving a package, etc.
- The precipitous outer side of a coral reef, facing the open sea.
- (Internet) A visitor to a website who ceases to continue using and navigating around the site after reaching some specified page; or such an act of cessation.
- A decrease; especially, a sudden one.
- A sudden downward slope or cliff.
- (especially US) A space reserved outside a bus or railway station for vehicles stopping to drop off passengers for onward transit.
noun
- flat tableland with steep edges
- a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs
- food or meals in general
- a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it
- a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game
- a set of data arranged in rows and columns
- A supply of food or entertainment.
- A flat tray which can be used as a table.
- The board or table-like furniture on which a game is played, such as snooker, billiards, or draughts.
- A group of people at a table, for example, for a meal, meeting or game.
- A collection of arithmetic calculations arranged in a table, such as multiplications in a multiplication table.
- A matrix or grid of data arranged in rows and columns.
- A wide, flat obstacle for a horse to jump over.
- (waitstaff, metonymic) A group of diners at a given table or tables.
- A flat gravestone supported on pillars.
- (metonymic) A booth or display at an event such as an exposition or fair.
- (computing, chiefly databases) A lookup table, most often a set of vectors.
- (music) The top of a stringed instrument, particularly a member of the violin family: the side of the instrument against which the strings vibrate.
- The flat topmost facet of a cut diamond.
- (poker, metonymic) The lineup of players at a given table.
- (roleplaying games, metonymic) A group of players meeting regularly to play a campaign.
- (backgammon) One half of a backgammon board, which is divided into the inner and outer table.
- An item of furniture with a flat top surface raised above the ground, usually on one or more legs.
- A service of Holy Communion.
- (sports) A visual representation of a classification of teams or individuals based on their success over a predetermined period.
verb
- hold back to a later time
- arrange or enter in tabular form
- To put on a table.
- (metonymic) To represent a company or organization (at an exposition, fair, etc.), usually at a booth or display.
- (non-US) To put on the table of a commission or legislative assembly; to propose for formal discussion or consideration, to put on the agenda.
- (poker, colloquial) To show one's cards face-up, especially during showdown.
- To tabulate; to put into a table or grid.
- (nautical) To make board hems in the skirts and bottoms of (sails) in order to strengthen them in the part attached to the bolt-rope.
- (chiefly US) To remove from the agenda, to postpone dealing with; to shelve (to indefinitely postpone consideration or discussion of something).
verb
noun
verb
- cover with gravel
- cause annoyance in; disturb, especially by minor irritations
- be a mystery or bewildering to
- (transitive) To hurt or lame (a horse) by gravel lodged between the shoe and foot.
- (transitive) To puzzle or annoy.
- (transitive) To run (as a ship) upon the gravel or beach; to run aground; to cause to stick fast in gravel or sand.
- (transitive) To check or stop; to confound; to perplex.
- (transitive) To apply a layer of gravel to the surface of a road, etc.
noun
- rock fragments and pebbles
- (uncountable, geology) A particle from 2 to 64 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.
- (slang) The stimulant drug alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone.
- (uncountable, cycling) Gravel cycling, a discipline in cycling different from road cycling, mountain biking or cyclocross, for a large part on gravel roads, typically with a dedicated gravel bike.
- (uncountable) Small fragments of rock, used for laying on the beds of roads and railways, and as ballast.
- A lameness in the foot of a horse, usually caused by an abscess.
- A type or grade of small rocks, differentiated by mineral type, size range, or other characteristics.
- (rare) Inability to see at night; night blindness.
verb
noun
- a road that is raised above water or marshland or sand
- A road that is raised so as to be above water, marshland, and similar low-lying obstacles, which in some cases may flood periodically (e.g. due to tides). Originally causeways were much like dykes, generally pierced to let water through, whereas many modern causeways are more like bridges or viaducts.
verb
noun
- rectangular paving stone with curved top; once used to make roads
- (manufacturing) A piece of steel that becomes malformed during its manufacture or rolling.
- Alternative form of coble (“a kind of fishing-boat”).
- A cobblestone.
- (geology) A particle from 64 to 256 mm in diameter, following the Wentworth scale.
noun
- Crushed rock, stones etc. used to make a road.
- (astronomy) An element which was not directly created after the Big Bang but instead formed through nuclear reactions; any element other than hydrogen and helium.
- (UK, in the plural) The rails of a railway.
- Any material with similar physical properties as those chemical elements, especially as a combination of several of them, such as an alloy.
- Any of a number of chemical elements in the periodic table that form a metallic bond with other metal atoms; generally shiny, somewhat malleable and hard, often a conductor of heat and electricity.
- (music) A category of rock music encompassing a number of genres (including thrash metal, death metal, heavy metal, etc.) characterized by strong drumbeats and distorted guitars.
- The effective power or calibre of guns carried by a vessel of war.
- (glassblowing) Molten glass that is to be blown or moulded to form objects.
- (informal, travel, aviation) The actual airline operating a flight, rather than any of the codeshare operators.
- (mining) The ore from which a metal is derived.
- (heraldry) A light tincture used in a coat of arms, specifically argent (white or silver) and or (gold).
- any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.
- a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten
verb
adj
adv
adj
- not perfected
- unpleasantly harsh or grating in sound
- unkind or cruel or uncivil
- causing or characterized by jolts and irregular movements
- having or caused by an irregular surface
- unpleasantly stern
- full of hardship or trials
- not quite exact or correct
- ready and able to resort to force or violence
- (of persons or behavior) lacking refinement or finesse
- of the margin of a leaf shape; having the edge cut or fringed or scalloped
- violently agitated and turbulent
- not carefully or expertly made
- not shaped by cutting or trimming
- Violent; not careful or subtle.
- Harsh-tasting.
- (of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous.
- Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating.
- Not smooth; uneven.
- (of a gem) Not polished; uncut.
- (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover.
- Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished.
- Difficult; trying.
- (chiefly UK, Ireland, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition.
- Crude; unrefined.
- Worn; shabby; weather-beaten.
- Turbulent.
- Of or relating to the rough breathing in the Greek language.
noun
- the part of a golf course bordering the fairway where the grass is not cut short
- The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created.
- A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping.
- (cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce.
- A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming.
- The unmowed part of a golf course.
- A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy.
verb
- prepare in preliminary or sketchy form
- (transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping.
- To render rough; to roughen.
- (ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player.
- To endure primitive conditions.
- (boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent.
- To create in an approximate form.
- To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes.
adv
- with rough motion as over a rough surface
- with roughness or violence (‘rough’ is an informal variant for ‘roughly’)
- (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct
- In a rough manner; without kindness, softness, or gentleness.
- Without precision or exactness; imprecisely but close to in quantity or amount; approximately.
- Unevenly or irregularly.
adj
- Impoverished, hardscrabble
- Characterised by scrabbling, or digging around.
- Rough, poor and uncultured.
- Scribbly.
- Having a rough texture; scratchy.
- Stunted.
- Of poor quality; poorly maintained.
- Sparse and scraggly.
- Thrown together; disorganized or slapdash.
- Covered in loose rocks or crumbling soil.
- Characterized by sparse, stunted vegetation, infertile.
- Difficult to negotiate; requiring scrambling.
- sparsely covered with stunted trees or vegetation and underbrush
adj
adj
- hard as granite
- As hard as stone.
- abounding in rocks or stones
- showing unfeeling resistance to tender feelings
- (figuratively, of a person) Lacking warmth and emotion.
- (figuratively, of an action or expression such as a look) Showing no warmth of emotion; (usually also) emotionally cold, silent, and motionless or nearly so.
- (UK and Australia, slang) Ellipsis of stony broke: without any money.
- Containing or made up of stones.
adj
adj
- Rough (of a surface).
- (grammar, of a word) Not following the regular or expected patterns of inflection in a given language.
- Nonstandard; not conforming to rules or expectations.
- (geometry, of a polygon) Not regular; having sides that are not equal or angles that are not equal.
- Without symmetry, regularity, or uniformity.
- (geometry, of a polyhedron) Whose faces are not all regular polygons (or are not equally inclined to each other).
- lacking continuity or regularity
- contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice
- not occurring at a regular rate or fixed intervals
- (of a surface or shape); not level or flat or symmetrical
- (used of the military) not belonging to or engaged in by regular army forces
- independent in behavior or thought
- deviating from normal expectations; somewhat odd, strange, or abnormal
- (of solids) not having clear dimensions that can be measured; volume must be determined with the principle of liquid displacement
- failing to meet a standard of manufacture due to an imperfection
noun
- One who does not regularly attend a venue.
- A soldier who is not a member of an official military force and who may not use regular army tactics.
- a member of an irregular armed force that fights a stronger force by sabotage and harassment
- merchandise that has imperfections; usually sold at a reduced price without the brand name
adj
- Of an austere or hard nature; rugged.
- Complicated or tricky; complex, difficult.
- Of string or something stringlike: full of, or tied up, in knots.
- Of a part of the body, a tree, etc.: full of knots (knobs or swellings); gnarled, knobbly.
- tangled in knots or snarls
- highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious
- used of old persons or old trees; covered with knobs or knots
- making great mental demands; hard to comprehend or solve or believe
adj
- rough and crude
- marked by richness and fullness of flavor
- strong enough to withstand or overcome intellectual challenges or adversity
- sturdy and strong in form, constitution, or construction
- (systems engineering) Designed or evolved in such a way as to be resistant to total failure despite partial damage.
- (chiefly zoology, anthropology, paleontology) Of an individual or skeletal element: strongly built; muscular; not gracile.
- (software engineering) Resistant or impervious to failure regardless of user input or unexpected conditions.
- Requiring strength or vigor.
- (euphemistic) Rough; rude.
- Able to withstand adverse conditions.
- Evincing strength and health; strong; (often, especially) both large and healthy.
- Sensible (of intellect etc.); straightforward, not given to or confused by uncertainty or subtlety.
- (statistics) Not greatly influenced by errors in assumptions about the distribution of sample errors.
adj
- rough to the touch; covered with scales or scurf
- dealing with salacious or indecent material
- (figurative) Disgusting, repellent.
- (figurative, chiefly US) Covered with a crust of dirt or grime.
- Covered with scales or scabs; hence, very coarse or rough.
- (figurative) Of music, writing, etc.: lacking refinement; unmelodious, unmusical.
- (biology) Having scabers.
- (figurative) Difficult, thorny, troublesome, requiring tact.
- (figurative) Salacious, scandalous; concerning oneself with lurid or lascivious substance.