Parole in English per 'Brightly sparkling.'
Sopra trovi parole correlate a "Brightly sparkling.". Porta il focus o il cursore su una parola per vedere la definizione.
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adj
adj
- Shining brightly.
- full of light; shining intensely
- Of surpassing excellence; magnificent.
- Highly intelligent.
- (of a voice or sound) Having a sharp, clear tone.
- (of a colour) Both bright and saturated.
- clear and sharp and ringing
- having or marked by unusual and impressive intelligence
- characterized by grandeur
- having strong or striking color
- of surpassing excellence
noun
verb
adj
adj
- Shining brilliantly; gleaming; radiant.
- Shiny and colorful, and thus pleasing to the eye; splendid in appearance.
- (mathematics) Exhibiting the property of resplendency in Peano arithmetic.
- (figurative) Magnificent; glorious; splendid; marked by extraordinary excellence or beauty.
- having great beauty and splendor
adv
adj
- Radiant with bright light and color.
- Burning fiercely; in a blaze; on fire.
- In a state of glowing excitement, ardent desire, or other strong emotion.
- lighted up by or as by fire or flame
- keenly excited (especially sexually) or indicating excitement
- resembling flame in brilliance or color
- lighted with red light as if with flames
verb
- To twinkle; to sparkle.
- To chirp or twitter.
- (intransitive, gaming, derogatory) To engage in obnoxious or abusive behaviour in a multi-user dungeon or other roleplaying game, for example by griefing or by equipping a low-level character with advanced equipment from another player.
- (now dialectal) To wink.
noun
- A very short moment of time.
- (New Zealand) Correction fluid or correction tape.
- (gay slang) A young, attractive, slim man, usually having little body hair.
- The chaffinch.
- One or more very small, short bursts of light.
- (derogatory, slang) A weak or effeminate man, whether gay or not.
- (online gaming, mildly derogatory) A lower-level character in a roleplaying game (MMO) which is artificially overgeared or overpowered, due to being given advanced equipment or resources via a higher-level character controlled by the same player.
verb
- shine brightly and intensively
- shoot rapidly and repeatedly
- move rapidly and as if blazing
- burn brightly and intensely
- indicate by marking trees with blazes
- (transitive) To cause to shine forth; exhibit vividly; be resplendent with.
- (transitive) To publish; announce publicly.
- (transitive) To disclose; bewray; defame.
- (transitive, rare) To set in a blaze; burn.
- (transitive) To set a mark on (as a tree, usually by cutting off a piece of its bark).
- (transitive) To blow, as from a trumpet.
- (slang) To smoke marijuana.
- (intransitive) To send forth or reflect a bright light; shine like a flame.
- (transitive) To mark off or stake a claim to land.
- (transitive, figurative) To set a precedent for the taking-on of a challenge; lead by example.
- (transitive, only in the past participle) To mark with a white spot on the face (as a horse).
- (intransitive, poetic) To be conspicuous; shine brightly a brilliancy (of talents, deeds, etc.).
- (intransitive) To be on fire, especially producing bright flames.
- (transitive, heraldry) To blazon.
- (figurative) To be furiously angry; to speak or write in a rage.
- (transitive) To indicate or mark out (a trail, especially through vegetation) by a series of blazes.
noun
- noisy and unrestrained mischief
- a light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted
- a cause of difficulty and suffering
- a light-colored marking
- a strong flame that burns brightly
- A fire, especially a fast-burning fire producing a lot of flames and light.
- (hiking) A waymark: any marking as painted on trees, carvings, affixed markers, posts, flagging, or crosses placed to lead hikers on their trail.
- A bursting out, or active display of any quality.
- The white or lighter-coloured markings on a horse's face.
- A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor's mark.
- Publication; the act of spreading widely by report.
- Intense, direct light accompanied with heat.
- A high-visibility orange colour, typically used in warning signs and hunters' clothing.
- (poker) A hand consisting of five face cards.
adv
adj
- Emitting much light; visually dazzling; luminous, lucent, radiant.
- Of a room or other place: having acoustic qualities that tend to cause much echoing or reverberation of sound, particularly at high frequencies.
- Of the face or eyes, or a smile: showing happiness or hopefulness; cheerful, lively.
- Of a colour: not muted or pale; bold, brilliant, vivid.
- Of climate or weather: not cloudy or gloomy; fair; also, of a period of time, the sky, etc.: characterized by much sunshine and good weather.
- Of a person: lively, vivacious.
- Of light: brilliant, intense.
- Of a substance: clear, transparent; also, pure, unadulterated; (specifically) of wine: free of suspended particles; not cloudy; fine.
- (music) Of a note: slightly sharp.
- In good spirits; happy, optimistic.
- Of a scent or taste: not bland or mild; bold, sharp, strong.
- Of a musical instrument, sound, or a voice: clearly audible; clear, resounding, and often high-pitched.
- Clearly apparent; conspicuous.
- Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent.
- Glorious; illustrious.
- Of a place: not dark; well-lit.
- Of a scent or taste: having an agreeable balance of sweet and sour, often with associations of coolness, freshness, and sometimes aromaticity.
- (metallurgy) Of a metal object or surface: lacking any protective coating or surface treatment for the prevention of corrosion.
- Of an opportunity or outlook: having a reasonable chance of success; favourable, good.
- Of an object, surface, etc.: reflecting much light; having a high lustre; gleaming, shiny.
- Of an object, surface, etc.: having vivid colour(s); colourful.
- (music) Of a rhythm or tempo: lively, upbeat.
- Of a period of history or time: happy, prosperous, successful.
- Of conversation, writing, etc.: imaginative or sparkling with wit; clever, witty.
- not made dim or less bright
- made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow
- likely to turn out well in the future
- clear and sharp and ringing
- having lots of light either natural or artificial
- splendid
- characterized by quickness and ease in learning
- having strong or striking color
- emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts
- characterized by happiness or gladness
adv
noun
- (chiefly in the plural) Something (especially a product intended for sale) that has vivid colours or a lustrous appearance.
- A person with a naturalistic worldview with no mystical or supernatural elements.
- (painting) An artist's brush used in acrylic and oil painting with a long ferrule and a flat, somewhat tapering bristle head.
verb
- (transitive, figuratively) Often followed by up: to cause (someone or something) to be bright (in various senses); to brighten; specifically, to make (someone or something) energetic, or happy and optimistic.
- (transitive) Often followed by up: to cast light on (someone or something); to brighten, to illuminate.
- (intransitive, also figuratively) Often followed by up: to become bright (in various senses); to brighten.
noun
- brilliant radiant beauty
- an indication of radiant light drawn around the head of a saint
- a state of high honor
- Worship or praise.
- That quality in a person or thing which secures general praise or honour.
- (meteorology, optics) An optical phenomenon, consisting of concentric rings and somewhat similar to a rainbow, caused by sunlight or moonlight interacting with the water droplets that compose mist or clouds, centered on the antisolar or antilunar point.
- Something glorious.
- (theology) The manifestation of the presence of God as perceived by humans in Abrahamic religions.
- Victory; success.
- An emanation of light supposed to shine from beings that are specially holy. It is represented in art by rays of gold, or the like, proceeding from the head or body, or by a disk, or a mere line.
- Honour, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; high reputation; renown.
- Great beauty and splendor.
verb
adj
noun
verb
adj
adv
noun
verb
adj
noun
verb
noun
verb
adj
noun
verb
adj
- Vivid, as if fluorescing; neon.
- brilliantly colored and apparently giving off light
- Of or relating to fluorescence.
- Exhibiting or produced by fluorescence.
- Emitting visible light as a result of the excitation of phosphors by ultraviolet photons produced by the passage of an electrical current through an inert gas infused with mercury.
- emitting light during exposure to radiation from an external source
noun
noun
verb
- (transitive) To confuse or overpower the sight of (someone or something, such as a sensor) by means of excessive brightness.
- (intransitive) To be overpowered by light; to be confused by excess of brightness.
- (transitive, figuratively) To render incapable of thinking clearly; to overwhelm with showiness or brilliance.
- amaze or bewilder, as with brilliant wit or intellect or skill
- to cause someone to lose clear vision, especially from intense light
adj
- Bright; luminous; not dark or obscured.
- Possessing little or no perceptible stimulus.
- (MLE) Better than, superior to.
- (meteorology) Of the sky, such that less than one eighth of its area is obscured by clouds.
- (MLE) Good, the best.
- Able to perceive straightforwardly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating.
- Transparent in colour.
- Unmixed; entirely pure.
- Without clouds.
- Distinct, sharp, well-marked.
- (figuratively) Free of guilt, or suspicion.
- (of a soup) Without a thickening ingredient.
- (of a railway signal) Showing a green aspect, allowing a train to proceed past it.
- Without diminution; in full; net.
- Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful.
- Free of ambiguity or doubt; easily understood.
- Free of obstacles.
- (Scientology) Free from the influence of engrams; see Clear (Scientology).
- Without defects or blemishes, such as freckles or knots.
- Easily or distinctly heard; audible.
- freed from any question of guilt
- free from contact or proximity or connection
- (especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law
- allowing light to pass through
- clear of charges or deductions
- clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible
- free of restrictions or qualifications
- free from flaw or blemish or impurity
- readily apparent to the mind
- free from clouds or mist or haze
- (of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims
- characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt)
- easily deciphered
- free from confusion or doubt
- affording free passage or view
- characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving
- accurately stated or described
adv
noun
- (Scientology) A person who is free from the influence of engrams.
- (carpentry) Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls.
- (video games) The completion of a stage or challenge, or of the whole game.
- a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water
- the state of being free of suspicion
verb
- (transitive, firearms) To unload a firearm, or undergo an unloading procedure, in order to prevent negligent discharge; for safety reasons, to check whether one's firearm is loaded or unloaded.
- (transitive) To pass without interference; to miss.
- (transitive, computing) To style (an element within a document) so that it is not permitted to float at a given position.
- (transitive, video games) To finish or complete (a stage, challenge, or game).
- (transitive) To remove obstructions, impediments or other unwanted items from.
- (transitive) To approve or authorise for a particular purpose or action; to give clearance to.
- (intransitive) To obtain a clearance.
- (transitive) To obtain permission to use (a sample of copyrighted audio) in another track.
- (intransitive) To leave abruptly; to clear off or clear out.
- (transitive) To remove from suspicion, especially of having committed a crime.
- (transitive, business) To earn a profit of; to net.
- (transitive) To remove (items or material) so as to leave something unobstructed or open.
- (transitive, activities such as jumping or throwing) To exceed a stated mark.
- (transitive) To obtain approval or authorisation in respect of.
- (transitive, computing) To reset or unset; to return to an empty state or to zero.
- (intransitive) Of a check or financial transaction, to go through as payment; to be processed so that the money is transferred.
- To disengage oneself from incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free.
- (transitive) To eliminate ambiguity or doubt from (a matter); to clarify or resolve; to clear up.
- (intransitive) To become free from obstruction or obscurement; to become transparent.
- (transitive, intransitive, sports) To hit, kick, head, punch etc. (a ball, puck) away in order to defend one's goal.
- go away or disappear
- free from payment of customs duties, as of a shipment
- make a way or path by removing objects
- remove the occupants of
- settle, as of a debt
- go unchallenged; be approved
- make as a net profit
- be debited and credited to the proper bank accounts
- clear from impurities, blemishes, pollution, etc.
- sell to get rid of
- rid of instructions or data
- free (the throat) by making a rasping sound
- make clear, bright, light, or translucent
- grant authorization or clearance for
- earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages
- remove (people) from a building
- become clear
- yield as a net profit
- remove debris from
- make free from confusion or ambiguity; make clear
- pronounce not guilty of criminal charges
- pass by, over, or under without making contact
- pass an inspection or receive authorization
- rid of obstructions
noun
- brilliant radiant beauty
- an indication of radiant light drawn around the head of a saint
- a state of high honor
- Worship or praise.
- That quality in a person or thing which secures general praise or honour.
- (meteorology, optics) An optical phenomenon, consisting of concentric rings and somewhat similar to a rainbow, caused by sunlight or moonlight interacting with the water droplets that compose mist or clouds, centered on the antisolar or antilunar point.
- Something glorious.
- (theology) The manifestation of the presence of God as perceived by humans in Abrahamic religions.
- Victory; success.
- An emanation of light supposed to shine from beings that are specially holy. It is represented in art by rays of gold, or the like, proceeding from the head or body, or by a disk, or a mere line.
- Honour, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent to a person or thing; high reputation; renown.
- Great beauty and splendor.
verb
noun
verb
noun
verb
- (transitive) To confuse or overpower the sight of (someone or something, such as a sensor) by means of excessive brightness.
- (intransitive) To be overpowered by light; to be confused by excess of brightness.
- (transitive, figuratively) To render incapable of thinking clearly; to overwhelm with showiness or brilliance.
- amaze or bewilder, as with brilliant wit or intellect or skill
- to cause someone to lose clear vision, especially from intense light
verb
- To twinkle; to sparkle.
- To chirp or twitter.
- (intransitive, gaming, derogatory) To engage in obnoxious or abusive behaviour in a multi-user dungeon or other roleplaying game, for example by griefing or by equipping a low-level character with advanced equipment from another player.
- (now dialectal) To wink.
noun
- A very short moment of time.
- (New Zealand) Correction fluid or correction tape.
- (gay slang) A young, attractive, slim man, usually having little body hair.
- The chaffinch.
- One or more very small, short bursts of light.
- (derogatory, slang) A weak or effeminate man, whether gay or not.
- (online gaming, mildly derogatory) A lower-level character in a roleplaying game (MMO) which is artificially overgeared or overpowered, due to being given advanced equipment or resources via a higher-level character controlled by the same player.
verb
- shine brightly and intensively
- shoot rapidly and repeatedly
- move rapidly and as if blazing
- burn brightly and intensely
- indicate by marking trees with blazes
- (transitive) To cause to shine forth; exhibit vividly; be resplendent with.
- (transitive) To publish; announce publicly.
- (transitive) To disclose; bewray; defame.
- (transitive, rare) To set in a blaze; burn.
- (transitive) To set a mark on (as a tree, usually by cutting off a piece of its bark).
- (transitive) To blow, as from a trumpet.
- (slang) To smoke marijuana.
- (intransitive) To send forth or reflect a bright light; shine like a flame.
- (transitive) To mark off or stake a claim to land.
- (transitive, figurative) To set a precedent for the taking-on of a challenge; lead by example.
- (transitive, only in the past participle) To mark with a white spot on the face (as a horse).
- (intransitive, poetic) To be conspicuous; shine brightly a brilliancy (of talents, deeds, etc.).
- (intransitive) To be on fire, especially producing bright flames.
- (transitive, heraldry) To blazon.
- (figurative) To be furiously angry; to speak or write in a rage.
- (transitive) To indicate or mark out (a trail, especially through vegetation) by a series of blazes.
noun
- noisy and unrestrained mischief
- a light within the field of vision that is brighter than the brightness to which the eyes are adapted
- a cause of difficulty and suffering
- a light-colored marking
- a strong flame that burns brightly
- A fire, especially a fast-burning fire producing a lot of flames and light.
- (hiking) A waymark: any marking as painted on trees, carvings, affixed markers, posts, flagging, or crosses placed to lead hikers on their trail.
- A bursting out, or active display of any quality.
- The white or lighter-coloured markings on a horse's face.
- A spot made on trees by chipping off a piece of the bark, usually as a surveyor's mark.
- Publication; the act of spreading widely by report.
- Intense, direct light accompanied with heat.
- A high-visibility orange colour, typically used in warning signs and hunters' clothing.
- (poker) A hand consisting of five face cards.
adv
adj
- Radiant with bright light and color.
- Burning fiercely; in a blaze; on fire.
- In a state of glowing excitement, ardent desire, or other strong emotion.
- lighted up by or as by fire or flame
- keenly excited (especially sexually) or indicating excitement
- resembling flame in brilliance or color
- lighted with red light as if with flames
adv
adj
adj
- Shining brightly.
- full of light; shining intensely
- Of surpassing excellence; magnificent.
- Highly intelligent.
- (of a voice or sound) Having a sharp, clear tone.
- (of a colour) Both bright and saturated.
- clear and sharp and ringing
- having or marked by unusual and impressive intelligence
- characterized by grandeur
- having strong or striking color
- of surpassing excellence
noun
verb
adj
adj
- Shining brilliantly; gleaming; radiant.
- Shiny and colorful, and thus pleasing to the eye; splendid in appearance.
- (mathematics) Exhibiting the property of resplendency in Peano arithmetic.
- (figurative) Magnificent; glorious; splendid; marked by extraordinary excellence or beauty.
- having great beauty and splendor
adv
adj
- Radiant with bright light and color.
- Burning fiercely; in a blaze; on fire.
- In a state of glowing excitement, ardent desire, or other strong emotion.
- lighted up by or as by fire or flame
- keenly excited (especially sexually) or indicating excitement
- resembling flame in brilliance or color
- lighted with red light as if with flames
adj
- Emitting much light; visually dazzling; luminous, lucent, radiant.
- Of a room or other place: having acoustic qualities that tend to cause much echoing or reverberation of sound, particularly at high frequencies.
- Of the face or eyes, or a smile: showing happiness or hopefulness; cheerful, lively.
- Of a colour: not muted or pale; bold, brilliant, vivid.
- Of climate or weather: not cloudy or gloomy; fair; also, of a period of time, the sky, etc.: characterized by much sunshine and good weather.
- Of a person: lively, vivacious.
- Of light: brilliant, intense.
- Of a substance: clear, transparent; also, pure, unadulterated; (specifically) of wine: free of suspended particles; not cloudy; fine.
- (music) Of a note: slightly sharp.
- In good spirits; happy, optimistic.
- Of a scent or taste: not bland or mild; bold, sharp, strong.
- Of a musical instrument, sound, or a voice: clearly audible; clear, resounding, and often high-pitched.
- Clearly apparent; conspicuous.
- Having a clear, quick intellect; intelligent.
- Glorious; illustrious.
- Of a place: not dark; well-lit.
- Of a scent or taste: having an agreeable balance of sweet and sour, often with associations of coolness, freshness, and sometimes aromaticity.
- (metallurgy) Of a metal object or surface: lacking any protective coating or surface treatment for the prevention of corrosion.
- Of an opportunity or outlook: having a reasonable chance of success; favourable, good.
- Of an object, surface, etc.: reflecting much light; having a high lustre; gleaming, shiny.
- Of an object, surface, etc.: having vivid colour(s); colourful.
- (music) Of a rhythm or tempo: lively, upbeat.
- Of a period of history or time: happy, prosperous, successful.
- Of conversation, writing, etc.: imaginative or sparkling with wit; clever, witty.
- not made dim or less bright
- made smooth and bright by or as if by rubbing; reflecting a sheen or glow
- likely to turn out well in the future
- clear and sharp and ringing
- having lots of light either natural or artificial
- splendid
- characterized by quickness and ease in learning
- having strong or striking color
- emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts
- characterized by happiness or gladness
adv
noun
- (chiefly in the plural) Something (especially a product intended for sale) that has vivid colours or a lustrous appearance.
- A person with a naturalistic worldview with no mystical or supernatural elements.
- (painting) An artist's brush used in acrylic and oil painting with a long ferrule and a flat, somewhat tapering bristle head.
verb
- (transitive, figuratively) Often followed by up: to cause (someone or something) to be bright (in various senses); to brighten; specifically, to make (someone or something) energetic, or happy and optimistic.
- (transitive) Often followed by up: to cast light on (someone or something); to brighten, to illuminate.
- (intransitive, also figuratively) Often followed by up: to become bright (in various senses); to brighten.
adj
noun
verb
adj
adv
noun
verb
adj
noun
verb
adj
noun
verb
adj
- Vivid, as if fluorescing; neon.
- brilliantly colored and apparently giving off light
- Of or relating to fluorescence.
- Exhibiting or produced by fluorescence.
- Emitting visible light as a result of the excitation of phosphors by ultraviolet photons produced by the passage of an electrical current through an inert gas infused with mercury.
- emitting light during exposure to radiation from an external source
noun
adj
- Bright; luminous; not dark or obscured.
- Possessing little or no perceptible stimulus.
- (MLE) Better than, superior to.
- (meteorology) Of the sky, such that less than one eighth of its area is obscured by clouds.
- (MLE) Good, the best.
- Able to perceive straightforwardly; keen; acute; penetrating; discriminating.
- Transparent in colour.
- Unmixed; entirely pure.
- Without clouds.
- Distinct, sharp, well-marked.
- (figuratively) Free of guilt, or suspicion.
- (of a soup) Without a thickening ingredient.
- (of a railway signal) Showing a green aspect, allowing a train to proceed past it.
- Without diminution; in full; net.
- Not clouded with passion; serene; cheerful.
- Free of ambiguity or doubt; easily understood.
- Free of obstacles.
- (Scientology) Free from the influence of engrams; see Clear (Scientology).
- Without defects or blemishes, such as freckles or knots.
- Easily or distinctly heard; audible.
- freed from any question of guilt
- free from contact or proximity or connection
- (especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law
- allowing light to pass through
- clear of charges or deductions
- clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible
- free of restrictions or qualifications
- free from flaw or blemish or impurity
- readily apparent to the mind
- free from clouds or mist or haze
- (of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims
- characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt)
- easily deciphered
- free from confusion or doubt
- affording free passage or view
- characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving
- accurately stated or described
adv
noun
- (Scientology) A person who is free from the influence of engrams.
- (carpentry) Full extent; distance between extreme limits; especially; the distance between the nearest surfaces of two bodies, or the space between walls.
- (video games) The completion of a stage or challenge, or of the whole game.
- a clear or unobstructed space or expanse of land or water
- the state of being free of suspicion
verb
- (transitive, firearms) To unload a firearm, or undergo an unloading procedure, in order to prevent negligent discharge; for safety reasons, to check whether one's firearm is loaded or unloaded.
- (transitive) To pass without interference; to miss.
- (transitive, computing) To style (an element within a document) so that it is not permitted to float at a given position.
- (transitive, video games) To finish or complete (a stage, challenge, or game).
- (transitive) To remove obstructions, impediments or other unwanted items from.
- (transitive) To approve or authorise for a particular purpose or action; to give clearance to.
- (intransitive) To obtain a clearance.
- (transitive) To obtain permission to use (a sample of copyrighted audio) in another track.
- (intransitive) To leave abruptly; to clear off or clear out.
- (transitive) To remove from suspicion, especially of having committed a crime.
- (transitive, business) To earn a profit of; to net.
- (transitive) To remove (items or material) so as to leave something unobstructed or open.
- (transitive, activities such as jumping or throwing) To exceed a stated mark.
- (transitive) To obtain approval or authorisation in respect of.
- (transitive, computing) To reset or unset; to return to an empty state or to zero.
- (intransitive) Of a check or financial transaction, to go through as payment; to be processed so that the money is transferred.
- To disengage oneself from incumbrances, distress, or entanglements; to become free.
- (transitive) To eliminate ambiguity or doubt from (a matter); to clarify or resolve; to clear up.
- (intransitive) To become free from obstruction or obscurement; to become transparent.
- (transitive, intransitive, sports) To hit, kick, head, punch etc. (a ball, puck) away in order to defend one's goal.
- go away or disappear
- free from payment of customs duties, as of a shipment
- make a way or path by removing objects
- remove the occupants of
- settle, as of a debt
- go unchallenged; be approved
- make as a net profit
- be debited and credited to the proper bank accounts
- clear from impurities, blemishes, pollution, etc.
- sell to get rid of
- rid of instructions or data
- free (the throat) by making a rasping sound
- make clear, bright, light, or translucent
- grant authorization or clearance for
- earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages
- remove (people) from a building
- become clear
- yield as a net profit
- remove debris from
- make free from confusion or ambiguity; make clear
- pronounce not guilty of criminal charges
- pass by, over, or under without making contact
- pass an inspection or receive authorization
- rid of obstructions