Mots en English pour 'Lacking essence or being.'
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adj
- lacking substance or significance
- lacking solidity or strength
- not convincing
- Of an argument, explanation, etc.: ill-founded, unconvincing, weak; also, unimportant; paltry, trivial.
- Likely to bend or break under pressure; easily damaged; frail, unsubstantial.
- Of clothing: very light and thin.
- Of a person: lacking depth of character or understanding; frivolous, superficial.
noun
adj
noun
adj
- lacking substance or significance
- being of delicate or slender build
- (quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with ‘a’) at least some
- Of slender build.
- Gentle or weak, not aggressive or powerful.
- (regional) Even, smooth or level.
- Not thorough; superficial.
- Trifling; unimportant; insignificant.
- (especially said of the sea) Still; with little or no movement on the surface.
noun
verb
- pay no attention to, disrespect
- (transitive, military, of a fortification) To render no longer defensible by full or partial demolition.
- (transitive) To treat (someone or something) with disdain or neglect, usually out of prejudice, hatred, or jealousy; to ignore disrespectfully; to skimp on one's duties toward.
- (transitive) To throw heedlessly.
- (transitive) To treat as unimportant or not worthy of attention; to make light of.
- (intransitive) To act negligently or carelessly.
- (transitive) To give lesser weight or importance to.
adj
- lacking substance or significance
- very narrow
- not dense
- (of sound) lacking resonance or volume
- of relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in cross section
- lacking spirit or sincere effort
- relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous
- lacking excess flesh
- (aviation) Of a route: relatively little used.
- Scarce; not close, crowded, or numerous; not filling the space.
- (golf) Describing a poorly played golf shot where the ball is struck by the bottom part of the club head. See fat, shank, toe.
- Lacking body or volume; small; feeble; not full.
- Of low viscosity or low specific gravity.
- Very narrow in all diameters; having a cross section that is small in all directions.
- Having little thickness or extent from one surface to its opposite.
- Poor; scanty; without money or success.
- Having little body fat or flesh; slim; slender; lean; gaunt.
- Slight; small; slender; flimsy; superficial; inadequate; not sufficient for a covering.
adv
verb
- make thin or thinner
- lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture
- lose thickness; become thin or thinner
- take off weight
- To remove some plants or parts of plants in order to improve the growth of what remains.
- To dilute.
- (intransitive) To become thin or thinner.
- (transitive) To make thin or thinner.
noun
noun
adj
- Lacking in reality or substance.
- As used by Carl Jung, the innate worldview orientation of the introverted personality types.
- Resulting from or pertaining to personal mindsets or experience, arising from perceptive mental conditions within the brain and not necessarily or directly from external stimuli.
- Pertaining to subjects as opposed to objects (A subject is one who perceives or is aware; an object is the thing perceived or the thing that the subject is aware of.)
- (linguistics, grammar) Describing conjugation of a verb that indicates only the subject (agent), not indicating the object (patient) of the action. (In linguistic descriptions of Tundra Nenets, among others.)
- (philosophy, psychology) Experienced by a person mentally and not directly verifiable by others.
- Formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, rather than upon observation or purely logical reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment.
- of a mental act performed entirely within the mind
- taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias
noun
adj
- Having no matter or substance; incorporeal.
- Of no importance; inconsequential, insignificant, unimportant.
- (rare) Having or seeming to have very little substance; insubstantial, slight.
- (chiefly law) Especially of evidence; chiefly followed by to: not associated in any way that is important or useful to the context being discussed; irrelevant.
- Of the nature of the soul or spirit; spiritual.
- of no importance or relevance especially to a law case
- not pertinent to the matter under consideration
- not consisting of matter
- (often followed by ‘to’) lacking importance; not mattering one way or the other
- without material form or substance
noun
adj
noun
adj
- Containing no immaterial quality; destitute of mind or soul.
- (programming) Of a function or method, that does not return a value; being a procedure rather than a function.
- Containing nothing; empty; not occupied or filled.
- Having no incumbent; unoccupied; said of offices etc.
- (bridge) Having no cards in a particular suit.
- (with of) Being without; destitute; devoid.
- Of no legal force or effect, incapable of confirmation or ratification.
- Not producing any effect; ineffectual; vain.
- lacking any legal or binding force
- containing nothing
noun
- (fluid mechanics) A pocket of vapour inside a fluid flow, created by cavitation.
- (Internet slang, humorous, endearing) A black cat.
- (medicine, urology) An instance of urination.
- An empty space; a vacuum.
- A cavity or empty space caused by water erosion.
- (astronomy) An extended region of space containing no galaxies.
- (materials science) A collection of adjacent vacancies inside a crystal lattice.
- (construction) An empty space between floors or walls, including false separations and planned gaps between a building and its facade.
- (bridge) The lack of cards in a particular suit.
- An empty place; a location that has nothing useful.
- an empty area or space
- the state of nonexistence
verb
- (transitive, medicine) Synonym of empty (verb).
- To throw or send out; to evacuate; to emit; to discharge.
- (transitive) To make invalid or worthless.
- clear (a room, house, place) of occupants or empty or clear (a place or receptacle) of something
- declare invalid
- take away the legal force of or render ineffective
- excrete or discharge from the body
adj
- lacking material form or substance; unreal
- Not real or substantial; having no actual presence in reality; lacking the characteristics of reality.
- lacking in reality or substance or genuineness; not corresponding to acknowledged facts or criteria
- contrived by art rather than nature
- not actually such; being or seeming fanciful or imaginary
- (informal) very impressive; amazing; unbelievable; incredible; larger or more fantastic than typical of real life.
adj
- devoid of significance or force
- needing nourishment
- holding or containing nothing
- emptied of emotion
- Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense; said of language.
- Hungry.
- Destitute of, or lacking, sense, knowledge, or courtesy.
- (of some female animals, especially cows and sheep) Not pregnant; not producing offspring when expected to do so during the breeding season.
- Having nothing to carry, emptyhanded; unburdened.
- (computing, programming, mathematics) Containing no elements (as of a string, array, or set), opposed to being null (having no valid value).
- Unable to satisfy; hollow; vain.
- Destitute of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial.
- (wine) Lacking between the onset of tasting and the finish.
- Devoid of content; containing nothing or nobody; vacant.
noun
verb
- make void or empty of contents
- remove the contents of a container
- become empty or void of its content
- leave behind empty; move out of
- excrete or discharge from the body
- (transitive, ergative) To make empty; to remove the contents of.
- (intransitive) Of a river, duct, etc: to drain or flow toward an ultimate destination.
adj
- devoid of significance or force
- lacking in substance or character
- (figuratively) Without substance; having no real or significant worth; meaningless.
- as if echoing in a hollow space
- not solid; having a space or gap or cavity
- (gymnastics) Pertaining to hollow body position
- (of something solid) Having an empty space or cavity inside.
- (wine) Synonym of empty (“lacking between the onset of tasting and the finish”).
- Concave; gaunt; sunken.
- (figuratively) Insincere, devoid of validity; specious.
- (of a sound) Distant, eerie; echoing, reverberating, as if in a hollow space; dull, muffled; often low-pitched.
noun
verb
adv
intj
adj
noun
- (by extension) A person with low endurance.
- A person who cannot handle their drink; one who gets drunk on very little alcohol.
- Something that is light in weight, or relatively so.
- One of little consequence or ability.
- (rowing) A particular weight category as prescribed by the rules, separate from an open or heavyweight class.
- (combat sports) A particular weight class, or member of such, as prescribed by the rules, between that of the heavier welterweight and the lighter featherweight. See Wikipedia for the specifics of each sport.
- A political candidate with little chance of winning.
- (weightlifting) A competitive weight division as prescribed by the rules, between the heavier middleweight and the lighter featherweight.
- an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 132 pounds
- A weight class division in combat sports, for fighters heavier than those in the featherweight division and lighter than those in the welterweight division.
- a professional boxer who weighs between 131 and 135 pounds
- a wrestler who weighs 139-154 pounds
- someone who is unimportant but cheeky and presumptuous
verb
adj
- Empty and lacking substance.
- Accompanied by wind.
- Long-winded; orally verbose.
- (informal) Flatulent.
- (slang) Nervous, frightened.
- Unsheltered and open to the wind.
- (of a path etc) Having many bends; winding, twisting or tortuous.
- using or containing too many words
- not practical or realizable; speculative
- resembling the wind in speed, force, or variability
- abounding in or exposed to the wind or breezes
noun
adj
- Unconnected with intelligence or thought; purely material, senseless.
- Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless, without intelligence or reason.
- Characteristic of unthinking animals; senseless, unreasoning (of humans).
- Crude, unpolished.
- Strong, blunt, and spontaneous; being purely physical in nature.
- Without reason or intelligence (of animals).
- resembling a beast; showing lack of human sensibility
noun
verb
adj
- Lacking meaning or purpose; without common sense.
- Without feeling or desire to work; deprived of sensation.
- Without a discernible meaning or purpose, especially of a violent or evil act.
- Without consideration, awareness or sound judgement
- (of especially persons) lacking sense or understanding or judgment
- unresponsive to stimulation
- not marked by the use of reason
- serving no useful purpose; having no excuse for being
adj
- lacking substance or reality; incapable of being touched or seen
- incapable of being perceived by the senses especially the sense of touch
- hard to pin down or identify
- (of especially business assets) not having physical substance or intrinsic productive value
- Incapable of being perceived by the senses; incorporeal.
noun
adj
- (figuratively) Lacking emotion or compunction.
- Of a type of horse: tall and muscular, usually good-natured and suitable for heavy work.
- (automotive) Of an engine or vehicle: difficult to start; runs poorly until warmed up.
- Having an unregulated body temperature; ectothermic.
- without compunction or human feeling
- having cold blood (in animals whose body temperature is not internally regulated)
adj
verb
- (transitive) To admit as a member of a company
- (transitive) To mix (something in) as an ingredient; to blend
- (transitive) To include (something) as a part.
- To unite with a material body; to give a material form to; to embody.
- (transitive) To form into a legal company.
- (US, law) To include (another clause or guarantee of the US constitution) as a part (of the Fourteenth Amendment, such that the clause binds not only the federal government but also state governments).
- To form into a body; to combine, as different ingredients, into one consistent mass.
- include or contain; have as a component
- form a corporation
- unite or merge with something already in existence
- make into a whole or make part of a whole
noun
- devoid of passion or feeling; hardheartedness
- excessive sternness
- a quality of water that contains dissolved mineral salts that prevent soap from lathering
- the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale
- the quality of being difficult to do
- (physics) The penetrating ability of electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays; generally, the shorter the wavelength, the harder and more penetrating the radiation.
- The measure of resistance to damage of a facility, equipment, installation, or telecommunications infrastructure when subjected to attack.
- (inorganic chemistry) The quantity of calcium carbonate dissolved in water, usually expressed in parts per million (ppm).
- (countable, engineering) A measure of how hard a material is.
- The quality of being hard.
- An instance of this quality; hardship.
- The resistance to scratching, cutting, indentation or abrasion of a metal or other solid material.
noun
adj
- Lacking depth of character or understanding; lacking substance or significance.
- (British, architecture) Denoting a quantity of a material expressed in terms of area covered rather than linear dimension or volume.
- Appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely.
- Not thorough, deep, or complete; concerned only with the obvious or apparent.
- (anatomy, relational, often with to) Close to the surface of the body; especially, situated or occurring on the skin or immediately beneath it.
- (relational) Existing, occurring, or located on the surface.
- (rare) Two-dimensional; drawn on a flat surface.
- occurring on or near the surface of the skin
- hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough
- concerned with or comprehending only what is apparent or obvious; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually
- of little substance or significance
- of, affecting, or being on or near the surface
noun
noun
- Lack of reality or real existence.
- (countable) That which has no reality or real existence; something unreal or imaginary
- Unpractical character; visionariness.
- (uncountable) The state of being unreal.
- ineptitude in dealing with reality.
- the quality possessed by something that is unreal
- the state of being insubstantial or imaginary; not existing objectively or in fact
adj
noun
noun
- devoid of passion or feeling; hardheartedness
- excessive sternness
- a quality of water that contains dissolved mineral salts that prevent soap from lathering
- the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale
- the quality of being difficult to do
- (physics) The penetrating ability of electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays; generally, the shorter the wavelength, the harder and more penetrating the radiation.
- The measure of resistance to damage of a facility, equipment, installation, or telecommunications infrastructure when subjected to attack.
- (inorganic chemistry) The quantity of calcium carbonate dissolved in water, usually expressed in parts per million (ppm).
- (countable, engineering) A measure of how hard a material is.
- The quality of being hard.
- An instance of this quality; hardship.
- The resistance to scratching, cutting, indentation or abrasion of a metal or other solid material.
noun
noun
- Lack of reality or real existence.
- (countable) That which has no reality or real existence; something unreal or imaginary
- Unpractical character; visionariness.
- (uncountable) The state of being unreal.
- ineptitude in dealing with reality.
- the quality possessed by something that is unreal
- the state of being insubstantial or imaginary; not existing objectively or in fact
adj
- lacking substance or significance
- lacking solidity or strength
- not convincing
- Of an argument, explanation, etc.: ill-founded, unconvincing, weak; also, unimportant; paltry, trivial.
- Likely to bend or break under pressure; easily damaged; frail, unsubstantial.
- Of clothing: very light and thin.
- Of a person: lacking depth of character or understanding; frivolous, superficial.
noun
adj
noun
adj
- lacking substance or significance
- being of delicate or slender build
- (quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with ‘a’) at least some
- Of slender build.
- Gentle or weak, not aggressive or powerful.
- (regional) Even, smooth or level.
- Not thorough; superficial.
- Trifling; unimportant; insignificant.
- (especially said of the sea) Still; with little or no movement on the surface.
noun
verb
- pay no attention to, disrespect
- (transitive, military, of a fortification) To render no longer defensible by full or partial demolition.
- (transitive) To treat (someone or something) with disdain or neglect, usually out of prejudice, hatred, or jealousy; to ignore disrespectfully; to skimp on one's duties toward.
- (transitive) To throw heedlessly.
- (transitive) To treat as unimportant or not worthy of attention; to make light of.
- (intransitive) To act negligently or carelessly.
- (transitive) To give lesser weight or importance to.
adj
- lacking substance or significance
- very narrow
- not dense
- (of sound) lacking resonance or volume
- of relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in cross section
- lacking spirit or sincere effort
- relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous
- lacking excess flesh
- (aviation) Of a route: relatively little used.
- Scarce; not close, crowded, or numerous; not filling the space.
- (golf) Describing a poorly played golf shot where the ball is struck by the bottom part of the club head. See fat, shank, toe.
- Lacking body or volume; small; feeble; not full.
- Of low viscosity or low specific gravity.
- Very narrow in all diameters; having a cross section that is small in all directions.
- Having little thickness or extent from one surface to its opposite.
- Poor; scanty; without money or success.
- Having little body fat or flesh; slim; slender; lean; gaunt.
- Slight; small; slender; flimsy; superficial; inadequate; not sufficient for a covering.
adv
verb
- make thin or thinner
- lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture
- lose thickness; become thin or thinner
- take off weight
- To remove some plants or parts of plants in order to improve the growth of what remains.
- To dilute.
- (intransitive) To become thin or thinner.
- (transitive) To make thin or thinner.
noun
adj
- Lacking in reality or substance.
- As used by Carl Jung, the innate worldview orientation of the introverted personality types.
- Resulting from or pertaining to personal mindsets or experience, arising from perceptive mental conditions within the brain and not necessarily or directly from external stimuli.
- Pertaining to subjects as opposed to objects (A subject is one who perceives or is aware; an object is the thing perceived or the thing that the subject is aware of.)
- (linguistics, grammar) Describing conjugation of a verb that indicates only the subject (agent), not indicating the object (patient) of the action. (In linguistic descriptions of Tundra Nenets, among others.)
- (philosophy, psychology) Experienced by a person mentally and not directly verifiable by others.
- Formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, rather than upon observation or purely logical reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment.
- of a mental act performed entirely within the mind
- taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias
noun
adj
- Having no matter or substance; incorporeal.
- Of no importance; inconsequential, insignificant, unimportant.
- (rare) Having or seeming to have very little substance; insubstantial, slight.
- (chiefly law) Especially of evidence; chiefly followed by to: not associated in any way that is important or useful to the context being discussed; irrelevant.
- Of the nature of the soul or spirit; spiritual.
- of no importance or relevance especially to a law case
- not pertinent to the matter under consideration
- not consisting of matter
- (often followed by ‘to’) lacking importance; not mattering one way or the other
- without material form or substance
noun
adj
noun
adj
- Containing no immaterial quality; destitute of mind or soul.
- (programming) Of a function or method, that does not return a value; being a procedure rather than a function.
- Containing nothing; empty; not occupied or filled.
- Having no incumbent; unoccupied; said of offices etc.
- (bridge) Having no cards in a particular suit.
- (with of) Being without; destitute; devoid.
- Of no legal force or effect, incapable of confirmation or ratification.
- Not producing any effect; ineffectual; vain.
- lacking any legal or binding force
- containing nothing
noun
- (fluid mechanics) A pocket of vapour inside a fluid flow, created by cavitation.
- (Internet slang, humorous, endearing) A black cat.
- (medicine, urology) An instance of urination.
- An empty space; a vacuum.
- A cavity or empty space caused by water erosion.
- (astronomy) An extended region of space containing no galaxies.
- (materials science) A collection of adjacent vacancies inside a crystal lattice.
- (construction) An empty space between floors or walls, including false separations and planned gaps between a building and its facade.
- (bridge) The lack of cards in a particular suit.
- An empty place; a location that has nothing useful.
- an empty area or space
- the state of nonexistence
verb
- (transitive, medicine) Synonym of empty (verb).
- To throw or send out; to evacuate; to emit; to discharge.
- (transitive) To make invalid or worthless.
- clear (a room, house, place) of occupants or empty or clear (a place or receptacle) of something
- declare invalid
- take away the legal force of or render ineffective
- excrete or discharge from the body
adj
- lacking material form or substance; unreal
- Not real or substantial; having no actual presence in reality; lacking the characteristics of reality.
- lacking in reality or substance or genuineness; not corresponding to acknowledged facts or criteria
- contrived by art rather than nature
- not actually such; being or seeming fanciful or imaginary
- (informal) very impressive; amazing; unbelievable; incredible; larger or more fantastic than typical of real life.
adj
- devoid of significance or force
- needing nourishment
- holding or containing nothing
- emptied of emotion
- Destitute of effect, sincerity, or sense; said of language.
- Hungry.
- Destitute of, or lacking, sense, knowledge, or courtesy.
- (of some female animals, especially cows and sheep) Not pregnant; not producing offspring when expected to do so during the breeding season.
- Having nothing to carry, emptyhanded; unburdened.
- (computing, programming, mathematics) Containing no elements (as of a string, array, or set), opposed to being null (having no valid value).
- Unable to satisfy; hollow; vain.
- Destitute of reality, or real existence; unsubstantial.
- (wine) Lacking between the onset of tasting and the finish.
- Devoid of content; containing nothing or nobody; vacant.
noun
verb
- make void or empty of contents
- remove the contents of a container
- become empty or void of its content
- leave behind empty; move out of
- excrete or discharge from the body
- (transitive, ergative) To make empty; to remove the contents of.
- (intransitive) Of a river, duct, etc: to drain or flow toward an ultimate destination.
adj
- devoid of significance or force
- lacking in substance or character
- (figuratively) Without substance; having no real or significant worth; meaningless.
- as if echoing in a hollow space
- not solid; having a space or gap or cavity
- (gymnastics) Pertaining to hollow body position
- (of something solid) Having an empty space or cavity inside.
- (wine) Synonym of empty (“lacking between the onset of tasting and the finish”).
- Concave; gaunt; sunken.
- (figuratively) Insincere, devoid of validity; specious.
- (of a sound) Distant, eerie; echoing, reverberating, as if in a hollow space; dull, muffled; often low-pitched.
noun
verb
adv
intj
adj
noun
- (by extension) A person with low endurance.
- A person who cannot handle their drink; one who gets drunk on very little alcohol.
- Something that is light in weight, or relatively so.
- One of little consequence or ability.
- (rowing) A particular weight category as prescribed by the rules, separate from an open or heavyweight class.
- (combat sports) A particular weight class, or member of such, as prescribed by the rules, between that of the heavier welterweight and the lighter featherweight. See Wikipedia for the specifics of each sport.
- A political candidate with little chance of winning.
- (weightlifting) A competitive weight division as prescribed by the rules, between the heavier middleweight and the lighter featherweight.
- an amateur boxer who weighs no more than 132 pounds
- A weight class division in combat sports, for fighters heavier than those in the featherweight division and lighter than those in the welterweight division.
- a professional boxer who weighs between 131 and 135 pounds
- a wrestler who weighs 139-154 pounds
- someone who is unimportant but cheeky and presumptuous
verb
adj
- Empty and lacking substance.
- Accompanied by wind.
- Long-winded; orally verbose.
- (informal) Flatulent.
- (slang) Nervous, frightened.
- Unsheltered and open to the wind.
- (of a path etc) Having many bends; winding, twisting or tortuous.
- using or containing too many words
- not practical or realizable; speculative
- resembling the wind in speed, force, or variability
- abounding in or exposed to the wind or breezes
noun
adj
- Unconnected with intelligence or thought; purely material, senseless.
- Brutal; cruel; fierce; ferocious; savage; pitiless, without intelligence or reason.
- Characteristic of unthinking animals; senseless, unreasoning (of humans).
- Crude, unpolished.
- Strong, blunt, and spontaneous; being purely physical in nature.
- Without reason or intelligence (of animals).
- resembling a beast; showing lack of human sensibility
noun
verb
adj
- Lacking meaning or purpose; without common sense.
- Without feeling or desire to work; deprived of sensation.
- Without a discernible meaning or purpose, especially of a violent or evil act.
- Without consideration, awareness or sound judgement
- (of especially persons) lacking sense or understanding or judgment
- unresponsive to stimulation
- not marked by the use of reason
- serving no useful purpose; having no excuse for being
adj
- lacking substance or reality; incapable of being touched or seen
- incapable of being perceived by the senses especially the sense of touch
- hard to pin down or identify
- (of especially business assets) not having physical substance or intrinsic productive value
- Incapable of being perceived by the senses; incorporeal.
noun
adj
- (figuratively) Lacking emotion or compunction.
- Of a type of horse: tall and muscular, usually good-natured and suitable for heavy work.
- (automotive) Of an engine or vehicle: difficult to start; runs poorly until warmed up.
- Having an unregulated body temperature; ectothermic.
- without compunction or human feeling
- having cold blood (in animals whose body temperature is not internally regulated)
adj
verb
- (transitive) To admit as a member of a company
- (transitive) To mix (something in) as an ingredient; to blend
- (transitive) To include (something) as a part.
- To unite with a material body; to give a material form to; to embody.
- (transitive) To form into a legal company.
- (US, law) To include (another clause or guarantee of the US constitution) as a part (of the Fourteenth Amendment, such that the clause binds not only the federal government but also state governments).
- To form into a body; to combine, as different ingredients, into one consistent mass.
- include or contain; have as a component
- form a corporation
- unite or merge with something already in existence
- make into a whole or make part of a whole
adj
- Lacking depth of character or understanding; lacking substance or significance.
- (British, architecture) Denoting a quantity of a material expressed in terms of area covered rather than linear dimension or volume.
- Appearing to be true or real only until examined more closely.
- Not thorough, deep, or complete; concerned only with the obvious or apparent.
- (anatomy, relational, often with to) Close to the surface of the body; especially, situated or occurring on the skin or immediately beneath it.
- (relational) Existing, occurring, or located on the surface.
- (rare) Two-dimensional; drawn on a flat surface.
- occurring on or near the surface of the skin
- hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough
- concerned with or comprehending only what is apparent or obvious; not deep or penetrating emotionally or intellectually
- of little substance or significance
- of, affecting, or being on or near the surface